Evidence
8 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-8).
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[1]research packet 491-packet.md (2 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LCI(L)-995 — listed as a commissioned US Navy hull (not cancelled,
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lci-l-995-lcil995-pkt-491-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LC(FF)-995 ex USS LCI(L)-995 - milestone timeline, specifications, campaign record, unit assignments (history credited to 'USS LCI Landing Craft Infantry,' Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1995) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/15/150995.htm header block, campaign table, specifications block, and photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource timeline for this hull: LCI-351 class Landing Craft Infantry (Large); laid down 11 April 1944 at Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, TX; launched 4 May 1944; commissioned USS LCI(L)-995 on 27 May 1944, LTjg. J. E. Favell USNR in command; converted to Landing Craft Flotilla Flagship LC(FF)-995 on 31 December 1944. Assigned Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LC(FF) Flotilla Twenty Three (LCDR R. H. Brazeal USN), Group Sixty-Nine (LT T. T. Brooks USN), Division One Hundred Thirty-Eight. Campaigns: Iwo Jima operation (assault and occupation, 19-29 February 1945) and Okinawa Gunto operation (assault and occupation, 1 April - 30 June 1945); two battle stars. Decommissioned March 1946; laid up Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Green Cove Springs, FL; struck from the Naval Register, date unknown; final disposition unknown. Specifications: 236 t. light / 419 t. loaded; 158'5.5" length; twin variable-pitch propellers, 2,320 shp, GM diesel plant; complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted; radio call sign NZCH. Captioned photography on the page documents USS LC(FF)-995 underway off the invasion beaches at Iwo Jima on D-Day, 19 February 1945 (U.S. Navy photo by Navy photographer Wallace Page), and underway in a view taken from USS LST-817.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Consolidated Steel construction trades (Apr-May 1944); crew and embarked flag staff (1944-46); 182-enlisted troop capacity underway
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - its page credits the Turner Publishing 'USS LCI' history as source. Its flotilla assignment (LC(FF) Flotilla 23 / Group 69 / Div 138) conflicts with the NHHC 1 May 1945 fleet organization, which lists LCI 995 under LCI Flotilla Sixteen / Group 46 / Division 91 - see ev-02 and gaps. NavSource gives no struck date and states fate unknown. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-01
-
[3]NHHC, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (Navy Department Library online reading room) - official wartime fleet organization listing [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- Pacific Fleet Organization 1 May 1945, 'LCI FLOTILLA SIXTEEN > LCI GROUP 46 > LCI DIVISION 91' table row 'LCI 995 | Lt. (jg) J. E. Favell (USNR)'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official Pacific Fleet organization as of 1 May 1945 lists 'LCI 995' under LCI FLOTILLA SIXTEEN (Commander LCI Flotilla Sixteen, Comdr. C. E. Coffin, Jr.), LCI GROUP 46 (ComLCIGrp 46, Lt. A. F. Eckelmeyer USNR), LCI DIVISION 91, with commanding officer Lt. (jg) J. E. Favell (USNR) - the same commanding officer NavSource records at commissioning. Division mates listed: LCI 628, LCI 988, LCI 994. The 1 May 1945 date falls inside the Okinawa Gunto campaign window (1 April - 30 June 1945) that NavSource credits to this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- Crew (complement 4 officers + 24 enlisted)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific organizational placement at one date, 1 May 1945 - it is not a campaign-participation record and does not itself place the hull at Okinawa or Iwo Jima. Conflicts with NavSource's flotilla assignments (LC(FF) Flotilla 23 / Group 69 / Div 138): the NHHC list shows LCI 995 as a plain 'LCI' entry in Flotilla 16 / Group 46 / Div 91, while other entries on the same page carry variant markers such as (FF), (G), (M) and (GF); 995 bears none. Reassignment between flotillas, a flagship-versus-unit listing convention, or a NavSource transcription error are all possible - unresolved, logged in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-02
-
[4]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton compilation), 'Consolidated Steel, Orange TX' yard table - Consolidated hull 1289 row [other_primary]
- Locator
- Consolidated Orange yard table, row '1289 ... LCI(L) ... 995 ... 10-Dec-43 ... May-44 ... Struck 1956'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Consolidated Steel Orange TX yard production table lists hull 1289 as U.S. Navy Landing Craft 'LCI(L) 995', 260 tons, contract date 10 December 1943, delivery May 1944, disposition 'Struck 1956'. The delivery month and yard match NavSource's independent construction data (laid down 11 April 1944, launched 4 May 1944, commissioned 27 May 1944 at Orange). The 'Struck 1956' figure supplies a stricken year where NavSource records 'date unknown.'
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1956
- Population
- Consolidated Steel Orange construction trades (1943-44)
- Limitations
- Secondary compiled yard table, not a primary registry - 'Struck 1956' is unverified against the Naval Register itself and conflicts with nothing in NavSource only because NavSource gives no date. Column conventions on this page contract the LCI rows (keel-laid and launch cells blank for the 900-series block), so contract and delivery are the firm values. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-03
-
[5]NHHC / National Museum of the U.S. Navy, LCI(L) type page (ships-usn-l series, headed under LCI(L)-10) - official type description [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC LCI(L)-10 page, 'Landing Craft Infantry (Large)' type-description paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official Navy description of the LCI(L) type: 'Navy-designed (LCI) craft were launched by the hundreds. On the first version soldiers debarked by means of catwalks and ramps, but the later ones eliminated the ramps and used bow doors instead. The same hull was modified into mortar, gunboat and rocket versions to give direct fire support for amphibious assaults; others were altered for us[e] as landing craft flotilla flagships. The 157 foot craft could make speeds up to 14 knots, had a crew of 24 officers and men, and four 20mm guns.' This documents at the class level the flotilla-flagship (LC(FF)) conversion practice that this hull underwent on 31 December 1944.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (type in service)
- Population
- LCI(L) crews and embarked troops, class-wide
- Limitations
- Type-level context written around a sister hull (LCI(L)-10) - it describes the class, not this vessel. The '157 foot / 14 knots / crew of 24' figures are generic type figures; NavSource's 995-specific block gives 158'5.5", 16 kts max, 4 officers + 24 enlisted. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-04
-
[6]Era inference built on: NavSource LCI-351-class specifications block for this hull (GM 6051-series-71 diesel plant, no steam); NHHC LCI(L) type page; GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-program documentation (see ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block (diesel plant); NHHC LCI(L) type page; GAO HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-powered landing craft built April-May 1944 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard applications aboard a small diesel craft of this period were engine-room and machinery-space thermal/acoustic insulation, exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve and pump packing, electrical insulation, and deck covering materials. As a diesel craft she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply - but the confined machinery spaces of a 158-foot, 419-ton craft concentrate whatever era materials were installed. The December 1944 LC(FF) conversion added flag-staff accommodations and communications spaces aboard this hull; the material content of that conversion is undocumented.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1956
- Population
- Consolidated Steel construction trades (1944); crew and flag staff (1944-46); any conversion-yard trades (Dec 1944); reserve-fleet caretakers and eventual disposal handlers (1946-forward)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for LCI(L)-995 / LC(FF)-995. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no manufacturer attribution, no fiber confirmation. The LC(FF) conversion's added material is undocumented.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-05
-
[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2, 'Highlights' section
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO reviewed Navy asbestos exposure controls at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards and documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation aboard ships and that its 1975 policy was to remove and replace with nonasbestos materials only insulation that was damaged or had to be removed for repairs - i.e., asbestos insulation was standard across the fleet during this hull's entire construction (1944) and service era (1944-46), with substitution of alternative materials not begun until the early 1970s.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (report); policy window covers 1944 construction era
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull - HRD-80-2 does not name this vessel or the LCI(L) type. GAO product page fetched live 2026-09-30 (firecrawl); full PDF not extracted this session.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-06
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[8]Batch-5643 search ledger (this record): NavSource ship page; NHHC Pacific Fleet organization 1 May 1945; NHHC DANFS candidate URL (404 - no entry exists for this hull); shipbuildinghistory.com Consolidated Orange yard table; NHHC LCI(L) type page; NARA catalog; usslci.org; NVR (out of scope - pre-1987 disposal); CourtListener opinion searches (zero hits); secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lci-l-995-01 through -10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or published opinion naming USS LCI(L)-995 / LC(FF)-995 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener opinion-type searches returned zero hits for all queried variants ('"LCI(L)-995"', '"LC(FF)-995"', '"LCI 995"', 2026-09-30); the docket-type query could not be completed - fleet-paced, logged as blocked, not as a negative result. No DANFS entry exists for this hull (NHHC candidate URL returns 404); the ship is not in NVR scope (disposed before 1987). Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case; 'asbestos aboard' material for this hull exists only in law-firm marketing listicles (mesothelioma.net, mesowatch.org, mesotheliomalawyercenter.org Consolidated Steel pages) asserting exposure without primary sourcing - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - WWII-era small craft carried era-standard materials. A zero-hit opinion search covers published appellate/trial opinions only; unreported trial dispositions and RECAP dockets are a partial open gap (docket query fleet-paced, not run). Deck logs, Consolidated Steel work packages, and disposition records for this hull are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lci-l-995-07