Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LCS(L)(3)-45 - milestones, organization, campaigns, awards, specifications, commanding officer, disposal [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 050045.htm - header block, campaign/occupation tables, spec block, disposal line, CO table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 2 October 1944 at Commercial Iron Works, Portland OR; launched 22 October 1944; commissioned USS LCS(L)(3)-45, 6 November 1944, LT. E. M. Lang USNR in command. Asiatic-Pacific Theater assignment: LCS(L)(3) Flotilla One (CAPT. R.E. Arison USNR), LCS(L)(3) Group Two (LT. M.C. Fitzgerald USNR), LCS(L)(3) Division Three. Campaigns: Borneo operation - Brunei Bay operation, 10-14 June 1945; Minesweeping Pacific operations, 21 November - 18 December 1945. Post-war: Navy Occupation Service Medal 12-22 September 1945; China Service Medal (extended) 23 September 1945 - 20 January 1946. Ribbons displayed: China Service (extended), American Campaign, Asiatic-Pacific (2), WWII Victory, Navy Occupation (Asia clasp), Philippine Liberation. 'USS LCS(L)(3)-45 earned two battle stars for World War II service.' Decommissioned and struck from the Naval Register: dates unknown. 'Sold to Fred Markley, Seattle, WA., 7 October 1947, resold to Greece 1958. Final Disposition, fate unknown.' Radio call sign NVSS. Spec block: 250 t (lt) / 387 t (fl); 158' o.a.; beam 23'8"; speed 16.5k max; complement 6 officers / 65 enlisted; armament 1x 3"/50 DP bow mount, 2 twin 40mm AA, 4x 20mm AA, 4x .50 cal MG, 10 Mk7 rocket launchers; propulsion 2 quad packs of 4 GM 6051-series 71 diesels per shaft (1,600 BHP), GM main reduction gears, twin variable-pitch propellers, 2x 60kW 450V AC diesel-driven generators.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1947 (documented service life); 1958 (reported resale)
- Population
- Commercial Iron Works construction trades (1944); crew (1944-47); Mare Island yard trades during 1946 availability; post-sale commercial/foreign handling
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry - its dates generally track official records and are corroborated here by uboat.net. Contains no asbestos content. 'Resold to Greece 1958' conflicts with shipbuildinghistory.com's 'Scrapped 1947' disposition - unresolved (see gaps). Spec block sources cited on the page: Baker, Allied Landing Craft of WWII (USNI Press 1989); Lawley builder's instructions and original plans.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-01
-
[2]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LCS(L)-45 (ship 22277) - build/milestone table and Operation Oboe VI (Brunei, 10 June 1945) order of battle [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship/22277.html - data table and 'Notable events' 10 Jun 1945 OrBat section
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Corroborates the hull's milestones: built by Commercial Iron Works, Portland OR; ordered 5 April 1944; laid down 2 October 1944; launched 22 October 1944; commissioned 6 November 1944; sold 7 October 1947. Order-of-battle detail for Operation Oboe VI (Allied landings at Brunei, 10 June 1945): LCS(L)-45 (Lt. E.M. Lang, USNR) served in Task Unit 78.1.31, the LCS Unit of Task Group 78.1.3 (Support Unit, T/Capt. R.E. Arison USN aboard USS LCI(L)-778), alongside LCS(L)-42, -46, -47, -58, -59, -60; and specifically in Task Unit 78.1.37, the 'White' beach assault support unit with LCS(L)-46, LCI(S)-985, LCI(G)-23, LCI(G)-64, LCI(R)-71, LCI(R)-72, LCI(M)-431, LCI(D)-228 and NCDU 2 and 3.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (build + Brunei operation); 1947 (sale)
- Population
- crew (1944-47)
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a specialist secondary compilation; its milestone table corroborates NavSource independently. Order of battle is a secondary transcription of the operation's task organization - consistent with the ship's credited Brunei Bay campaign and the NARA photo of her firing at Brunei on 10 June 1945. Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-02
-
[3]NARA-captioned photography of this hull, transcribed in NavSource photo captions: builders completion photo (Commercial Iron Works, Portland, 11 Nov 1944); underway mid-1945; 80-G-K-5859 (firing on beaches at Brunei Bay during the invasion, 10 June 1945); Navy Yard Mare Island 1882-46 / 1883-46 (forward and aft plan views, 21 May 1946); BS 95127 and Mare Island 1872-46 (off Mare Island, 22 May 1946, after completing repairs) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 050045.htm photo captions; NARA photo nos. 80-G-K-5859, BS 95127; Navy Yard Mare Island 1882-46, 1883-46, 1872-46
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA-held photography documents this hull at Brunei Bay firing on the beaches during the 10 June 1945 invasion (photo 80-G-K-5859) and at U.S. Naval Shipyard Mare Island during a repair availability - plan views dated 21 May 1946 and off-Mare-Island views dated 22 May 1946 'after completing repairs'; NavSource captions state she 'was under repairs at the yard from 29 March to 11 June 1946' and that shipyard logs record her berthed with USS LSM-251, LSM-222, LSM-275 and LSM-172. These are archival leads for her combat service and her only documented naval-shipyard availability.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- crew (Brunei Bay, Jun 1945); Mare Island yard trades and crew (29 Mar - 11 Jun 1946)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: photo numbers and the repair window are transcribed from NavSource captions; the NARA catalog is JS-rendered and could not be independently fetched this session. Photographs establish presence, not the scope of the Mare Island work package - a 10-week availability is documented, its contents are not. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-03
-
[4]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), Commercial Iron Works Portland OR construction table - hull 188 = LCS(L) 45; mirrored in the Naval Marine Archive LCS(L) list [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com Commercial Iron Works table, yard hull 188 row; navalmarinearchive.com/sbh/smallships/lcsl.html LCS(L) 45 row
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Commercial Iron Works build table identifies this hull as yard hull no. 188, type 'Landing Craft', 250 tons / 159 ft, delivered 6 November 1944 - matching the NavSource/uboat.net commissioning date - and records the disposition as 'Scrapped 1947'. The same table documents sister dispositions including LCS(L)-35 to Greece 1957 (as Plotarkhis Ulachavas) and LCS(L)-65 to Greece 1958 via France (as Plotharkhis Maridakis).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944; 1947
- Population
- Commercial Iron Works construction trades (1944)
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation (acknowledged reference-quality yard list). The 'Scrapped 1947' disposition conflicts with NavSource's 'sold to Fred Markley 7 Oct 1947, resold to Greece 1958, fate unknown' - both agree on the 1947 exit from naval service; whether the hull was scrapped after sale or resold abroad is unresolved (see gaps). Contains no asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-04
-
[5]NavSource LCS(L)(3) class index (05idx.htm) and 'Operational Description of LCS(L)(3)' (05func.htm, text credited to Robin L. Rielly) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 05idx.htm class header paragraph; 05func.htm operational description text
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Class context: 130 LCS(L)(3)s were built during WWII; the type was developed by the George Lawley Company of Neponset, MA - based on the LCI(L) hull with redesigned superstructure and interior for close-in fire support of amphibious assaults and inter-island barge interception - and produced by Lawley plus Albina Engine and Machine Works and Commercial Iron Works of Portland OR. LCS(L)(3)s served only in the Pacific. Design rationale traces to Tarawa (20 Nov 1943), where flat-trajectory naval bombardment left defenders able to regroup between bombardment and assault. In 1949 hulls remaining in USN inventory were redesignated Landing Ship Support Large (LSSL); beginning 1952, 53 went to the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and others to France for Vietnam service; LCS(L)-102 survives (ex-JDS Himawari, ex-HTMS Nakha) as the museum ship at Mare Island.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1952
- Population
- LCS(L)(3) class crews (1944-45 era)
- Limitations
- Class-level context only - does not document anything specific to hull 45 beyond her membership in the class and her absence from the 1949 LSSL redesignation (consistent with the 1947 sale). NavSource index does not display an LSSL number for hull 45. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-05
-
[6]Era inference built on: NavSource spec block (all-diesel GM 6051-series plant; no steam plant); NavSource class index (wartime 1944-45 construction); shipyard-exposure-map documented asbestos product list for mare-island-naval-shipyard (yard-level, see ev-07); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era documentation (see ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 050045.htm spec block; shipyards.json product list for mare-island-naval-shipyard; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- An all-diesel amphibious gunboat built October-November 1944 sits squarely inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard applications aboard a steel combatant of this type and period were thermal insulation, machinery and exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation, concentrated in and around the engine spaces. She carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply; the diesel quad-pack installation still presents the exhaust-lagging, gasket/packing and electrical-insulation applications typical of the era.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Commercial Iron Works construction trades (1944); crew (1944-47); Mare Island yard trades (1946); post-sale handling (1947+)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, or work package located for LCS(L)(3)-45. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. Product names are normalized era terms; no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-06
-
[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1944) and naval service era (1944-47).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-07
-
[8]shipyard-exposure-map shipyards.json record for mare-island-naval-shipyard: Navy/City of Vallejo Final EIS/EIR for Disposal and Reuse of Mare Island Naval Shipyard (April 1998, DTIC ADA344388/ADA344389, SCH# 94093029) documenting ACM in shipyard buildings and asbestos among industrial wastes; Collins v. Plant Insulation Co., 185 Cal. App. 4th 260 (2010) - mesothelioma death of a welder at Mare Island Naval Shipyard 1976-1994 (and Hunters Point 1960-1973), jury negligence and strict-liability findings [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipyards.json yard_id mare-island-naval-shipyard (ev-mare-island-01, ev-mare-island-02); NavSource 050045.htm Mare Island photo captions for the hull's presence dates
- Finding type
- environmental_record
- Finding
- Yard-level documentation: this hull underwent repairs at U.S. Naval Shipyard Mare Island 29 March - 11 June 1946 (see ev-03). Mare Island is a documented asbestos site in the project shipyard dataset - ACM documented in yard buildings by the 1998 disposal/reuse EIS/EIR, and mesothelioma litigation documented for a yard welder whose Mare Island exposure ran 1976-1994. The documented presence of ACM at the yard contextualizes, but does not describe, the work performed on this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1946 (hull presence); 1998 (EIS/EIR); 1976-1994 (Collins exposure window)
- Population
- Mare Island yard trades during the 29 Mar - 11 Jun 1946 availability
- Limitations
- Yard-level documentation, not a hull record: neither the EIS/EIR nor Collins names this vessel or her 1946 availability; the Collins exposure window (1976-94) postdates the hull's presence by three decades. A documented hull presence at an ACM-documented yard is not evidence that asbestos work was performed on this ship. Underlying URLs: DTIC PDF returned HTTP 403 and the casetext Collins page returned HTTP 410 on 2026-09-30 - citations carried via the shipyards.json record; direct re-verification open.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-08
-
[9]Batch-5716 search ledger (this record): NavSource ship page, class index and operational description; uboat.net ship page and OrBat; shipbuildinghistory.com / navalmarinearchive build tables; NHHC/DANFS site search; NVR; NARA photo leads; GAO product page; CourtListener opinion and docket searches; usslcs102.org museum site; secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lcsl345-01 through -16
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS LCS(L)(3)-45 was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener opinion and docket searches on the hull's designation variants ('LCS(L)(3)-45', 'LCSL-45', 'LCS(L)-45', 'LCSL 45') returned zero results on 2026-09-30. CAVEAT: one broader CourtListener query ('LSSL-45' OR 'LCS(L)(3) 45' OR 'landing craft support' asbestos) was fleet-throttled this session - logged as blocked in search_ledger, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case; asbestos content encountered was law-firm shipyard marketing - excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. Deck logs, muster rolls, Commercial Iron Works construction records, and the 1946 Mare Island work package are undigitized leads. The hull's commercial sale (1947) and reported foreign resale leave post-Navy condition undocumented. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lcsl345-09