Evidence
11 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-11).
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[1]research packet h-packet.md (10 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: **VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-leonard-wood-apa12-pkt-h-packet-md
-
[2]Pacific Marine Review, vol. 19 (1922): Bethlehem Sparrows Point new-construction table (hull 4197 entry) and 'Shipping Board program is nearing an end' item (Western World ex-Nutmeg State) [reputable_press]
- Locator
- PMR 1922 volume djvu text: hull-listing entry 'Nutmeg State, hull 4197' (May 1922 Bethlehem Sparrows Point table) and Western World program-close item (~p. 331 area)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Contemporaneous construction record: 'Nutmeg State, hull 4197, combination USSB; sister to above [Palmetto State: 518 LBP, 72 beam, turb eng, 8 Yarrow boilers]; keel July29/20; launch Sept17/21' - Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., Sparrows Point plant. A second 1922 item reports 'Western World, formerly Nutmeg State' as the last vessel under construction of the Shipping Board program, expected complete end of April 1922 for delivery to Munson Line South American service. Establishes keel-laying 29 July 1920, launch 17 September 1921, builder, and the ship's position as the last hull of the WWI EFC/USSB program.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1920-1922
- Limitations
- Contemporaneous trade-press record of construction milestones; sister-ship boiler/engine line applies to hull 4197 because the listing designates it 'sister to above' (Palmetto State). Contains no asbestos or materials content; supports identity/construction only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-01
-
[3]Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Naval History Division), 'Leonard Wood' entry - HyperWar/ibiblio transcription [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS APA-12 entry, full text (HyperWar transcription; live NHHC DANFS page returned 404 on 2026-09-25 - link rot consistent with Batch-01 finding)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry: Leonard Wood (AP-25), ex-Nutmeg State and Western World, built 1922 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Co., Sparrow Point, Md.; purchased by War Department 1939 and renamed; Army transport until Navy acquisition 3 June 1941; commissioned 10 June 1941 manned by the Coast Guard (Comdr. H.G. Bradbury, USCG). Departed Halifax 10 November 1941 carrying reinforcements via Cape of Good Hope to Bombay and Singapore; entered Philadelphia Navy Yard March 1942 for conversion to attack transport; redesignated APA-12 on 1 February 1943; alterations completed late April. Torch/Fedhala (departed Hampton Roads 24 October, ~1,900 3d Division troops, landings night of 7-8 November, rescue of torpedoed sister ships' survivors, Casablanca unloading, Norfolk 30 November); Sicily (TF 65, landings 9 July 1943 off Scoglitti, AA action 10 July); Pacific amphibious landings: Gilbert and Marshall Islands, Saipan (15-24 June 1944), Angaur/Palaus, Leyte (20 October), Lingayen Gulf (9 January 1945), Mindoro (final landing, 9 February 1945 per DANFS). Postwar transport runs to Manila and Tokyo; Coast Guard crew debarked and ship decommissioned at Seattle 22 March 1946; redelivered to Army pending WSA transfer; sold to Consolidated Builders, Inc. for scrap 20 January 1948; eight battle stars. Spec block: dp. 21,900; l. 535'; b. 72'6"; dr. 31'3"; s. 17.5k; cpl. 667; tr. 1,926; a. 4x3in, 4x40mm; cl. Harris.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1922-1948
- Population
- USCG crew (667 complement per DANFS spec); embarked troops up to ~1,926
- Limitations
- Official Navy ship biography; authoritative for identity, timeline, and operations. Gives no struck date and no propulsion detail beyond speed/complement; contains no asbestos or materials information - supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-02
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[4]U.S. Coast Guard, 'The Coast Guard at War, Vol. IX: North African Landings' (official USCG history, HyperWar transcription), 'Some Facts and Figures About the Leonard Wood' pp. 73-75 and Part I; USCG Historian's Office biographies of VADM Merlin O'Neill and RADM Frank V. Helmer; 'The Coast Guard at War' Vol. V escorts/transports table and Vol. VI Pacific (Lingayen) entries [other_primary]
- Locator
- USCG-IX-2.html 'Some Facts and Figures About the Leonard Wood' (pp. 73-75) and 'The Leonard Wood' (pp. 63-65); https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/All/Article/1762639/ ; https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USCG/VI-Pacific/USCG-VI-23.html
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Official U.S. Coast Guard war history: Leonard Wood commissioned at the Brooklyn Navy Yard 10 June 1941 (Comdr. H.G. Bradbury USCG; relieved by Comdr. E. Zoole USCG 26 April 1942; Capt. Merlin O'Neill USCG from 1 October 1942); November 1941 Halifax embarkation of British troops to Bombay via Cape Town; converted to amphibious attack transport at Philadelphia Navy Yard, alterations completed about 26 April 1942; flagship for Commander TG 34.4 and TG 34.9 of TF 34 during 1-17 November 1942; aided rescue when USS Joseph Hewes was sunk 11 November 1942 off Fedala. USCG Historian's Office biographies of O'Neill and Helmer document the Navy Unit Commendation awarded for the transport's 'exceptionally meritorious service in action against enemy aircraft, shore batteries, mines, and submarines.' USCG at War Vol. V lists Leonard Wood (ex-Western World, APA-12, commissioned 6-10-41) among the nine Coast Guard-manned attack transports.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Population
- USCG-manned crew; embarked Army 3d Division troops (92 officers + 1,800 enlisted at Norfolk 23 Oct 1942 per USCG history)
- Limitations
- Official service-history monographs and official biographies; strong for operational detail, command chain, commissioning yard, and unit award. Contains no asbestos or materials information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-03
-
[5]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - LEONARD WOOD, Ship History Detail 3000 [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 3000 - characteristics block, Vessel Name History, and Milestones table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory record for LEONARD WOOD (detail 3000): year built 1922; Bethlehem Steel Shipbuilding Division; general type passenger; length 535 ft, beam 72 ft; lightweight displacement 10,200 tons; fate 'Sold - Scrap.' Milestones: custody Entry and Acquisition 13 May 1947; Disposition 20 January 1948 ('CUST 1947 ARMY VESSL'); Withdrawal 20 January 1948. Digitized vessel status cards exist for this hull (19 card images on record).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1946-1948
- Limitations
- Authoritative for Maritime Commission custody and disposal milestones; confirms 20 January 1948 sale date (consistent with DANFS) against NavSource's 20 June 1948 'sold for scrapping' date - the January date is the MARAD disposition of record; June may reflect physical delivery/breaking. Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-04
-
[6]NavSource Online Amphibious Photo Archive, USS Leonard Wood (APA-12) page - compiled from DANFS, NHHC photos, and Friedman's U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/03/03012 - specifications block, campaign table, awards list, commanding officers
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource compiled ship record: stricken from the Naval Register 12 April 1946; postwar occupation service 24 November-5 December 1945; final disposition 'sold for scrapping, 20 June 1948, to Consolidated Builders Inc. (PD-X-395), for $65,750'; TransRon Eleven flagship (Como. D.W. Loomis USN); compiled spec block - displacement 13,529 lt/21,900 fl, 535' x 72' x 31'3", complement 67 officers + 657 enlisted, troop accommodations 117 off + 1,809 enl, flag accommodations 43 off + 108 enl, armament 4x3"/50 + quad/twin 40mm + 16x20mm, propulsion 2 Bethlehem Curtis-type turbines, 8 Yarrow header-type boilers 265psi/465deg, Falk reduction gears, twin screws; awards: eight battle stars + Navy Unit Commendation + Philippine PUC.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1941-1948
- Population
- Wartime complement ~667-724 plus embarked troops ~1,900
- Limitations
- Volunteer-compiled archive citing authoritative sources (Friedman/USNI Press; NHHC photos) - used for spec-sheet detail, struck date, and disposal memo number that DANFS omits; flagged partial because it is secondary compilation, not a primary record. Its 20 June 1948 scrapping-sale date conflicts with DANFS/MARAD 20 January 1948 (see correction row). Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-05
-
[7]Fleischer, W.E., Viles, F.J. Jr., Gade, R.L., Drinker, P., 'A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels,' Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 28:9-16 (January 1946), PMID 21016030 [other_primary]
- Locator
- J Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:9-16 (1946); material description of amosite pipe covering on U.S. Navy vessels; PubMed index record
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed U.S. Public Health Service industrial-hygiene survey documents that 'an important ingredient of pipe covering material used on U.S. Navy vessels is amosite' (South African amphibole asbestos), and surveys pipe-covering operations in two Government Navy Yards and two Navy contract yards during WWII-era naval vessel construction - the same material environment in which this ship's March-April 1942 attack-transport conversion at Philadelphia Navy Yard occurred.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944 survey; published 1946
- Population
- Navy yard and contract-yard pipe coverers, WWII era
- Limitations
- Program/era-level documentation of asbestos pipe covering in Navy-vessel construction; surveyed yards are anonymized (A-D) and Philadelphia Navy Yard is not identified; does not name this hull or establish asbestos installation aboard it. Documents the material environment of the 1942 conversion only as class/era inference. The study's 'not a dangerous occupation' conclusion was later discredited.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the program under which this 1920s passenger liner was converted to an attack transport (Philadelphia Navy Yard, March-April 1942) and operated under Navy control for the rest of the war.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Era/program-level scholarship of WWII shipbuilding asbestos use; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was installed or present aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-07
-
[9]MARAD ShipHistory Detail 3000 milestone table (Disposition 1/20/1948) vs. NavSource compiled entry (20 June 1948, PD-X-395, $65,750) and DANFS text (20 January 1948) [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- MARAD milestones table; NavSource 10/03/03012 final-disposition line; HyperWar DANFS apa12.html closing paragraph
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Disposal-date discrepancy resolved: DANFS and the MARAD custody record agree on 20 January 1948 as the sale/disposition to Consolidated Builders, Inc. (PD-X-395); NavSource's compiled record gives 'sold for scrapping, 20 June 1948' at $65,750 - adopted reading: 20 January 1948 = sale/disposal of record (MARAD + DANFS), June 1948 = likely delivery/completion of breaking; also corroborated by a 1999 Delaware State News retrospective recalling the $65,750 sale price. DANFS gives no struck date; NavSource and secondary compilations give 12 April 1946 - carried with a flag, not treated as officially verified.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1946-1948
- Limitations
- The two authoritative records (DANFS, MARAD) agree on January 20, 1948 as the disposal of record; the June 20, 1948 NavSource date is unverified and likely reflects scrapping delivery rather than sale. Struck date (12 April 1946) rests on secondary compilation only. No asbestos content in any of these sources.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-08
-
[10]Batch-2188 search ledger (this record): DANFS/HyperWar; USCG official histories; MARAD ShipHistory 3000; NavSource; CourtListener API v4 opinion searches; NARA record-group guide [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-01 through sl-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-10
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed case naming USS Leonard Wood/AP-25/APA-12 was found in the public sources searched. The hull was scrapped in 1948, decades before asbestos documentation became routine; no museum, memorial, or survey program ever covered her. CourtListener opinion searches returned zero hits for '"USS Leonard Wood"' and '"Leonard Wood" asbestos'; '"Leonard Wood" ship' returned 28 opinions, all Fort Leonard Wood (Missouri Army installation) name collisions in construction/procurement/state litigation; '"APA-12"' returned 112 opinions, all token collisions (e.g., 'Asset Purchase Agreement,' Administrative Procedure Act references); the docket-level (RECAP) search '"Leonard Wood" asbestos' returned 33 dockets, all collisions - MDL-875's master docket matches any co-occurring term, Missouri-area asbestos dockets (Dyer v. Crowley, Butler v. Chesterton) most plausibly reference the Fort Leonard Wood Army installation, and one hit is a prisoner named David Leonard Wood - none name the vessel (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1920-22 steam liner rebuilt at a Navy yard in 1942 is era-consistent with asbestos-containing insulation; scrapping in 1948 predates asbestos survey practice. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility. Docket hits were classified at search-result level; individual documents inside colliding dockets were not pulled.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-09
-
[11]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 32 (U.S. Shipping Board incl. EFC), RG 24 (Bureau of Naval Personnel - ship logs), RG 19 (Bureau of Ships), RG 181 (Naval Districts/Shore Establishments), RG 26 (U.S. Coast Guard) [other_primary]
- Locator
- RG 32 Construction Organization (32.4); RG 24.2.2 Logs ('Logs of U.S. naval ships and stations, 1801-1946'); guide pages for RGs 19/181/26
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - require research-room or reproduction order; no spend authorized): NARA RG 32 (Records of the U.S. Shipping Board, incl. EFC Construction Organization records 1917-28) for original construction of hull 4197/USSB 2507; RG 24 (Bureau of Naval Personnel) for the ship's deck logs 1941-1946; RG 19 (Bureau of Ships) for attack-transport conversion plans/specifications; RG 181 (Records of Naval Districts and Shore Establishments, NARA Mid-Atlantic/Philadelphia) for Philadelphia Naval Shipyard 1942 conversion work records; RG 26 (U.S. Coast Guard) for unit records of the Coast Guard-manned complement.
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1920-1948 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed in person. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-leonard-wood-apa12-10