Evidence
8 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-8).
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[1]research packet tr-packet.md (1 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED — real identity: USS LSM-167. Verified hull: LSM-167. Designation: LSM (Landing Ship Medium). Type/class: LSM-1-class landing ship medium.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lsm-167-lsm167-pkt-tr-packet-md
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[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, LSM-167 - construction, commissioning, WWII service, specifications, disposal [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/14/14167.htm - header/specifications block, WWII service narrative, photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Laid down 20 June 1944 at Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, SC; launched 24 July 1944; commissioned USS LSM-167, 31 August 1944, LT. John R. Pahmeyer USNR in command. Assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater as part of LSM Flotilla Five (CDR. W. H. Carpenter), LSM Group Fifteen (LCDR. A. H. Hall), and LSM Division Thirty. Participated in the assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto, 2 April to 3 June 1945, earning one battle star. Two ship-specific photographs are captioned: LSM-167 at Okinawa, 7 April 1945, offloading supplies; and LSM-167 in drydock at Guam alongside USS LSM-482 and USS LSM-276. Decommissioned 3 July 1946; 'struck from the Naval Register, date unknown'; sold October 1958 to Foss Launch & Tug Co., Seattle, WA, 'converted to a barge, fate unknown.' Specifications: displacement 520 t. (light), 743 t. (landing), 1,095 t. (fully loaded); length 203'6" (oa); beam 34'6"; two General Motors model GM 16-278A diesel engines (reversible, hydraulic clutch), direct drive, 1,440 BHP each at 720 rpm, twin screw, 2,800 shp combined; maximum speed 13.2 kts; armament one twin bow-mounted 40mm gun and four single 20mm gun mounts; 10-lb STS splinter shield to gun mounts, pilot house, and conning station.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1958
- Population
- Charleston Navy Yard construction trades (1944); LSM-167 crew (1944-1946)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific construction, service, and disposal history only; no asbestos content. The Guam drydock photograph documents physical presence in a drydock period, not a repair, survey, or material record. 'Fate unknown' after the 1958 barge conversion is the source's own language, not a gap introduced by this research.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-01
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[3]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LSM 167 - order, lay-down, launch, commission, decommission, struck, and sale dates [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship record page 12778, vessel data table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independently dates: ordered 15 September 1943; laid down 20 June 1944; launched 24 July 1944; commissioned 31 August 1944; decommissioned 3 July 1946; struck from the Naval Register 14 January 1958; sold October 1958. Consistent with NavSource on every overlapping date, and supplies a specific struck date where NavSource states only 'date unknown.'
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1943-1958
- Limitations
- Single-source struck date, not independently corroborated: the Naval Vessel Register's online ship-detail system has no page for this hull (its search/detail interface is a JS-rendered application and does not appear to surface pre-1987 disposals), and DANFS has no individual page for LSM-167 (never renamed). uboat.net does not cite its own underlying source for the struck date. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-02
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[4]NARA finding aid, RG 181 (Naval Districts and Shore Establishments), Sixth Naval District, Charleston, SC - 'Ship Commissioning Files' series, Box 7, LSM-167 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Finding aid page, Box 7 entry (LSM-126 through LSM-558 series range)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- A ship-commissioning file for LSM-167 is catalogued in Box 7 of the Sixth Naval District's WWII-era 'Ship Commissioning Files' series - described in the finding aid as 'correspondence, invitations, and instructions relating to the commissioning of naval vessels at the Charleston Navy Yard during the World War, 1939-1945.' The series spans LSM-126 through LSM-558, all commissioned at Charleston.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944
- Limitations
- Finding-aid listing only - the file's contents were not digitized or viewed; this documents that an administrative commissioning record exists at NARA Atlanta, not its content. Administrative commissioning correspondence of this type (invitations, ceremony instructions) does not typically address shipboard materials; no asbestos content expected or claimed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-03
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[5]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not adopt a policy of substituting alternative insulation materials until 1975 (damage-driven removal) and 1979 (expanded to high-maintenance areas) - a program-level finding spanning the WWII shipbuilding era in which LSM-167 was built and operated (1944-1946).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979 (report); Navy policy discussed 1975-1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation only (GAO fieldwork was conducted at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards, not Charleston); supports general WWII-era Navy asbestos-use context, not any fact specific to this hull or her builder. Product-page abstract used; full report text was not separately pulled.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-04
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[6]Atlas shipyards.json, yard_id 'charleston-naval-shipyard' (LSM-167's builder) - yard-level asbestos product list and litigation record [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipyards.json yard_id charleston-naval-shipyard, evidence rows ev-charleston-naval-shipyard-06/-07, products_documented array
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Charleston Naval Shipyard (builder of LSM-167) is an independently documented yard-level asbestos-use site in the Atlas dataset (evidence_tier 2), with a broad yard-wide product list (magnesia pipe insulation, gaskets, valve/pump packing, electrical insulation, thermal insulation for steam systems, asbestos cement products, etc.) and two cited jury verdicts (Whalen, 2014; Twidwell, 2018).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1970s-1980s (documented products/litigation); yard operated 1901-1996
- Population
- Charleston Naval Shipyard workforce generally
- Limitations
- Yard-level, not hull-level, and a significant era mismatch: the yard record's documented products and cited litigation (Pace v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., 4th Cir. No. 14-2416 (2016)) center on Shop 31/Shop 38 valve and pump work circa the 1970s-1980s - three decades after LSM-167 was built (1944) and well after she left the yard (decommissioned 1946, sold 1958). This row does not establish WWII-era construction practice at the yard and is included only to show the yard is independently documented as an asbestos-use site across its operating life (1901-1996); it is not evidence of what materials, if any, LSM-167's hull received in 1944.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-05
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[7]Era inference built on: NavSource ship-specific propulsion specifications (two GM 16-278A diesels, no steam plant - ev-01); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy-wide WWII-era asbestos insulation use (ev-04); general WWII U.S. Navy shipbuilding practice for diesel-powered small craft [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/14/14167.htm specifications block; GAO HRD-80-2 product-page abstract
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- LSM-167 was a diesel-powered amphibious landing ship (two GM 16-278A diesels, no boilers/no steam plant) built at a Navy yard during the WWII period when the Navy's own fleet-wide asbestos insulation policy (GAO HRD-80-2) applied. Era-standard applications for a diesel vessel of this type and period would be: diesel engine and exhaust-system lagging, machinery-space pipe and equipment insulation, gaskets and valve/pump packing, and electrical cable insulation - not boiler or turbine steam lagging, since LSM-167 carried no steam plant.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1946
- Population
- Charleston Navy Yard construction trades (1944); LSM-167 crew (1944-1946)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or LSM-1-class-specific specification document was located (unlike the ship-type-specific primary documents available for some other vessel types researched in this batch series). Names era-standard applications for a diesel small craft, not confirmed installed materials, quantity, or manufacturer. Does not establish asbestos presence aboard this specific hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-06
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[8]Batch-5971 search ledger (this record): NavSource; uboat.net; NARA RG181 finding aid; GAO product page; shipyards.json Charleston yard record; CourtListener (fleet-throttled, blocked); secondary web litigation sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS LSM-167 was found in the public sources searched. CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be queried this session despite five attempts spaced across the research session (both opinion and docket/RECAP search types) - the authenticated helper returned the fleet-wide pacing message each time ('the fleet-wide request budget is momentarily spent'), never a per-query 429 with a specific reset time; logged as blocked in search_ledger, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case naming this hull; the only 'asbestos' material found via web search is law-firm/marketing content, excluded by source policy.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. The litigation-repository search is a genuine open gap (throttled, not run) - re-run 'LSM-167' and 'USS LSM-167' (opinion and docket/RECAP types) when the fleet-wide CourtListener budget resets. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-167-lsm167-07