Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
-
[1]research packet 576-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lsm-428-lsm428-pkt-576-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LSM-428 - construction, unit assignments, disposal, specifications, CO roster, photo captions (history extract sourced to Turner Publishing, 'LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces' Vol. II, 1997) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/14/14428.htm - history block, awards ribbons, specifications block, CO roster, photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 25 November 1944 at Dravo Corporation, Wilmington, DE; launched 12 January 1945; commissioned USS LSM-428 on 28 March 1945, LT. Bernardo Nosworthy USNR in command. WWII assignment to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LSM Flotilla Thirteen (LCDR C. L. Weigle USN), LSM Group Thirty-Nine (LCDR J. M. Rose), LSM Division Seventy-Eight. Decommissioned 6 June 1946; struck from the Naval Register, date unknown; sold for scrapping 13 January 1948 to Fairbanks Morse & Co., Chicago, IL. Award ribbons shown: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal - no battle stars listed. Photo captions document her launch at Dravo Wilmington 12 January 1945 and the hull beached at Marcus Island while unloading, early 1946 (both contributed via the USS LSM/LSMR Association). Commanding-officer roster lists four officers, March 1945 - June 1946. Spec block: 520 t light / 743 t landing / 1,095 t full; 203'6" x 34'6"; 13.2 kt; complement 5 officers, 54 enlisted; two Fairbanks-Morse 38D8-1/8 diesels, direct drive, 2,800 shp, twin screws.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Dravo Wilmington construction trades (1944-45); USN crew and embarked troops (1945-1946); breakers (1948)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation - its per-page history extract derives from the Turner Publishing LSM/LSMR volume, and its spec block is generic LSM-1-class text (engine make is class-level, not verified to this hull - see gaps). No asbestos or material content. Page verified live via fetch 2026-10-01.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-01
-
[3]Naval History and Heritage Command, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (Online Reading Room transcription of the CINCPAC/CINCPOA fleet organization list) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC page, LSM GROUP 39 / LSM DIVISION 78 block (entries LSM 424-429)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official Pacific Fleet organization list for 1 May 1945 names this hull: 'LSM 428' appears under LSM DIVISION 78 of LSM GROUP 39 (ComLSMGrp 39: Lt. Cdr. J. M. Rose USNR) - confirming the hull in commission and assigned to the Pacific Fleet amphibious organization five weeks after commissioning, and independently corroborating the NavSource group/division assignment.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- USN crew (1945)
- Limitations
- An organization list, not an operational history: it establishes fleet assignment on 1 May 1945 only - not location, operations, or material condition. Contains no asbestos content. Verified live 2026-10-01.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-02
-
[4]uboat.net Allied Warships, USS LSM 428 - construction data (ordered 8 April 1944) and end-of-service record [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship page 13015 - build table and history lines
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Corroborates the construction chain (Dravo Corp., Wilmington DE; ordered 8 April 1944; laid down 25 November 1944; launched 12 January 1945; commissioned 28 March 1945). Conflicts with NavSource on end dates: prints decommissioned 19 June 1946 (vs NavSource 6 June 1946) and 'Stricken on 13 January 1948 and sold the same day' (vs NavSource strike 'date unknown' + sale 13 January 1948) - uboat.net appears to conflate the scrapping-sale date with the Naval Register strike. No movement entries listed for this hull.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Crew (1945-46)
- Limitations
- Volunteer secondary database; carried as corroboration and conflict-flagging, not as primary dating. The two end-date conflicts are carried in gaps - NavSource dates retained. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-03
-
[5]ShipbuildingHistory (Tim Colton compilation), Dravo Corp. Wilmington DE yard build table - LSM block [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com Dravo Wilmington page - LSM build table rows 414-446
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Independent secondary corroboration of builder, delivery, and disposal: the Dravo Wilmington build table lists 'LSM 428, U.S. Navy, Landing Ship, 520 t, 203 ft, 28-Mar-45, Sold to Fairbanks Morse 1948 for scrapping.' The same table documents the Dravo Wilmington LSM block (LSM-414 through LSM-446) and its dispositions - sister hulls variously transferred to China, Chile, France/Taiwan, Korea, or sold to commercial buyers/scrappers in 1947-1958.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Dravo Wilmington construction trades (1944-45)
- Limitations
- Secondary industry-history compilation, not a contract record - carried as corroboration of the NavSource disposal line. Delivery date is a build-completion date, consistent with the 28 March 1945 commissioning date. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-04
-
[6]NavSource-hosted transcription scan of the period LSM ship's organization and technical manual (Section I ship's organization; Section II technical chapters 28-48, incl. ch. 30 Main Propelling Machinery and ch. 31-9 Boilers) [other_primary]
- Locator
- lsm manual index page; lsm02-30.pdf (Main Propelling Machinery, engine-hull assignment lists); lsm02-31-9.pdf (auxiliary steam boiler, boiler room)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- The class technical manual documents the plant aboard LSM-type hulls: main propulsion by two direct-drive diesels - either Fairbanks Morse model 38D8-1/8 (vessel number ranges OCRed as 1-125, 126-141, ~201-269, 510-531) or General Motors 16-278A on intervening hulls (ranges OCRed as 142-200, ~235-353, 552-555) - plus an auxiliary oil-fired water-tube steam boiler supplying about 1,500 lb steam/hr at 55 psi, located in a boiler room (ch. 31-9). So the type carried an auxiliary steam system even though propulsion is diesel. Neither engine-assignment list covers hull 428 (Dravo Wilmington block 414-446) - this hull's engine make is unresolved by the manual.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1945 (manual coverage)
- Population
- LSM-type crews and construction/repair trades (class level)
- Limitations
- Class manual, not a hull document - scanned images OCRed page-by-page this session (PDFs have no text layer; digit ranges partially illegible, ranges shown approximate). OCRed chapters name machinery but do not state insulation composition; 'asbestos' does not appear in the pages OCRed. An auxiliary boiler documents a steam-side insulation surface aboard the type, not the material used.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-05
-
[7]Era inference built on: NavSource LSM-1-class spec block (direct-drive diesel plant); class manual (auxiliary steam boiler, ch. 31-9); Rushworth, Naval Engineers Journal 117(2) 2005 (ev-07); GAO HRD-80-2 (ev-08); Dravo builder litigation record (ev-09, ev-10) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Synthesis of ev-01 spec block, ev-05 manual, ev-07 Rushworth, ev-08 GAO; Dravo wartime shipbuilding record (ev-09)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-driven amphibious ship built November 1944 - March 1945 at Dravo's Wilmington yard sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-insulation era; era-standard applications aboard a ship of this type were thermal insulation on the auxiliary steam boiler and its steam/feed lines, diesel-exhaust lagging, machinery and accommodation-space insulation, gaskets and valve packing throughout the piping systems, and electrical insulation - all within a small, poorly ventilated hull. Because propulsion is direct-drive diesel there is no main boiler/turbine lagging pathway.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1948
- Population
- Dravo Wilmington construction trades (1944-45); USN crew and embarked troops (1945-46); breakers (1948)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation schedule, material list, shipyard work package, or survey located for LSM-428. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. The auxiliary boiler documents a steam side, not its insulation material.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-06
-
[8]Rushworth, Denis H., 'The Navy and Asbestos Thermal Insulation,' Naval Engineers Journal 117(2):35-48 (April 2005), American Society of Naval Engineers - DOI 10.1111/j.1559-3584.2005.tb00336.x [other_primary]
- Locator
- Naval Engineers Journal vol. 117 no. 2, pp. 35-48; ingentaconnect article record art00012
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed technical-journal review documenting that asbestos 'was once used in U.S. Navy shipboard pipe and machinery thermal insulation and in many other shipboard products,' describing the evolution of thermal-insulation systems in WWII and post-WWII ships and the litigation wave from Navy personnel exposed aboard ships built during and following WWII - spanning this hull's construction (1944-45) and US service era (1945-1946).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1940s-1970s (reviewed era); published 2005
- Population
- WWII/post-WWII Navy shipboard personnel and shipyard workers (era level)
- Limitations
- Era/program-level technical review, not a hull record - the LSM type and this hull are not named. Bibliographic record verified via independent listings (ingentaconnect TOC; Wiley DOI record); publisher pages return HTTP 403 to automated fetch - bibliographic details verified, full text not pulled this session.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's construction (1944-45) and US service era (1945-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved - gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetch, confirmed again 2026-10-01 (same standing defect as Batches 98 and 6227); content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-08
-
[10]Christman v. Dravo Corp., 466 A.2d 209, 319 Pa. Super. 378 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1983) - affirming summary judgment for Dravo [court_record]
- Locator
- 466 A.2d 209; complaint paragraphs FOURTH/FIFTH and interrogatory answers as recited in the opinion
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- Builder-level asbestos litigation record: the complaint alleged that Jacob F. Christman worked 1942-1945 at Dravo's Neville Island (Pittsburgh) shipyard as a mechanic/welder, 'in the hold of the ship where they were putting up insulation,' with asbestos attributed to Johns-Manville - i.e., an allegation of asbestos insulation work inside ships under wartime construction at a Dravo yard in the same period and corporate shipbuilding program that built this hull at Dravo's sister yard (Wilmington DE). Summary judgment for Dravo was affirmed on Pennsylvania workers' compensation exclusivity grounds (employee tort claim barred).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1942-1945 (alleged exposure); opinion filed 1983-09-30
- Population
- Dravo Neville Island shipyard trades (1942-45, alleged); Dravo shipbuilding workforce generally
- Limitations
- Pleading-stage allegation that never reached a merits adjudication - the appellate record describes claimed exposure; summary judgment was affirmed for Dravo on statutory exclusivity (employees' exclusive remedy was workers' comp), so the court made NO finding that asbestos was or was not present. Neville Island is the sister yard, not the Wilmington DE yard that built this hull; no Wilmington-specific allegation appears. Establishes the litigation context of the builder, not material aboard this ship. Opinion text verified live via vLex 2026-10-01.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-09
-
[11]In re Dravo LLC - Derivative Claims Against Carmeuse Lime, Pennsylvania Inc., and Certain Affiliated Entities (Appeal of: All Plaintiffs Represented by Goldberg, Persky & White, P.C.), 307 A.3d 146 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2023) [court_record]
- Locator
- 307 A.3d 146 (Pa. Super. 2023), majority opinion recitation of Dravo's litigation history
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- Judicial record of the builder's corporate asbestos-litigation history: the Superior Court recites that 'since at least the early 1990s, Dravo has been sued in a number of lawsuits that sought damages due to alleged bodily injury caused by exposure to asbestos, where the exposure typically occurred during its operations from the 1940s through the 1980s' - the same corporate shipbuilder (Dravo Corp., later Dravo LLC, dissolved 2018) that built this hull at its Wilmington DE yard in 1944-45. The appeal concerned veil-piercing against successor/parent entities; the court reversed summary judgment for the Carmeuse entities and remanded.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1940s-1980s (alleged exposure window); opinion filed 2023-12-19
- Population
- Asbestos plaintiffs vs. Dravo entities (class-level corporate context)
- Limitations
- Corporate-structure and insurance-coverage litigation, not an exposure finding for any vessel or yard: the opinion records the existence of asbestos suits against the builder generally, not conditions at the Wilmington yard or aboard this hull. Veil-piercing is a liability-allocation question - no asbestos facts were adjudicated. Verified live via vLex 2026-10-01.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-10
-
[12]Batch-6237 search ledger (this record): NavSource hull page and LSM class manual; NHHC Pacific Fleet organization list 1 May 1945; NHHC DANFS (no LSM entries exist - LSM-428 candidate URL 404s); NVR (unreachable; hull predates NVR coverage); uboat.net; ShipbuildingHistory; GAO (403); CourtListener API v4 type=o and type=r (see ledger for outcome); secondary web sweeps [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-01 through -17
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, museum record, or qualifying asbestos case naming USS LSM-428 was found in the sources searched. No law-firm marketing page dedicated to this hull was located - unusual versus better-documented sister hulls - so there are also no marketing claims to rebut. The only federal opinion known to name a Dravo-block LSM (Amerace Esna Corp. v. United States, 199 Ct. Cl. 175 (1972)) names sister hull LSM-419, not this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 2026-10-01
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the ship's construction inside the documented Navy asbestos era makes era-material presence a reasonable inference, not a finding. CourtListener coverage is complete for the hull token 'LSM-428' (opinions: 7 hits, all collisions; dockets: 585 hits, all judge-initials/token collisions) and the exact-phrase 'USS LSM-428' opinion variant (0 hits); only the 'LSM 428' space-variant opinion subset was fleet-paced at session end - logged blocked, not negative. Deck logs, Dravo work packages, and any 1948 scrapping records are undigitized leads.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-11
-
[13]Archival leads: NARA RG 24 deck logs USS LSM-428 (1945-46); Dravo Corporation collection 1925-1989, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh (Digital Pitt AIS.1972.09); NARA still photographs (no hull-numbered official photo located for LSM-428) [other_primary]
- Locator
- RG 24 deck logs (undigitized); Digital Pitt AIS.1972.09 finding-aid page (challenge-gated on fetch); NavSource 10/14/14428.htm photo captions
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Physical records likely to exist but not digitized or not reachable from this session: this hull's deck logs in RG 24 (commissioned ~14 months, March 1945 - June 1946), and the Dravo Corporation corporate collection at the University of Pittsburgh, which is the plausible repository for Wilmington-yard construction records for the LSM-414-446 block. Unlike sister hull LSM-419, no NARA-numbered (NH/80-G) official photograph for this hull was located in NavSource captions - both page photos are association-contributed.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1944-1948 (record creation window)
- Population
- Researchers; former crew
- Limitations
- Leads only: NARA catalog is JS-rendered and could not be queried programmatically this session (consistent with Batch 98/6227). The Digital Pitt finding-aid URL now redirects to a bot-challenge page on automated fetch (302 -> challenge endpoint) - batch-6227 verified the collection live earlier the same day; hull/yard-specific contents remain unverified.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-428-lsm428-12