Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LSM-465 (10/14/14465) - milestone timeline, LSM-1-class specification block, awards, commercial-service conversion (history extract credited to LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1997) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/14/14465.htm - 'LSM-1 Class Landing Ship Medium' history block, specifications block, awards block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 20 January 1945 at Brown Shipbuilding Co., Houston, TX; launched 10 February 1945; commissioned USS LSM-465 on 10 March 1945, LT. Douglas W. Marden USNR in command. WWII assignment: Asiatic-Pacific Theater, LSM Flotilla Eleven, LSM Group Thirty-Three, LSM Division Sixty-Five. Post-war: occupation duty in the Far East 23 September 1945 - 1 February 1946; ran aground 9 October 1945 during Typhoon 'Louise' at Buckner Bay, Okinawa, re-floated 15 October 1945; decommissioned 13 March 1947 at Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, CA; struck from the Naval Register (date unknown); sold 9 December 1947 to W.J. Mitchell, Oakland, CA; converted for commercial service as towboat George Birnie, Official Number 260642, at Albina Engine and Machine Works, Portland, OR; operated by Western Transportation Company, Portland, OR, on the Columbia and Snake Rivers; final disposition - sold to an unknown owner and believed to be in commercial service in California. Specifications: 520 t. light / 743 t. landing / 1,095 t. fully loaded; 203'6" ovl; beam 34'6"; speed 13.2 kts; complement 5 officers + 54 enlisted; armament one twin 40mm bow mount + four single 20mm; two Fairbanks Morse 38D8-1/8X10 diesels, direct drive, 1,440 BHP each, twin propellers, 2,800 shp. Awards listed: American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Medal (Asia clasp).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-1968 (documented span; final disposition undated)
- Population
- Brown Shipbuilding construction trades (Jan-Mar 1945); commissioning crew (1945-47); embarked troops in transport operations; commercial conversion workers at Albina (1948+) and towboat crews
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation - its milestone and specification data generally track official records (Turner Publishing's LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces Vol. II is the page's stated history source) but it is not a primary registry. Ship-specific history only; no asbestos or material content. Refloat date here (15 October 1945) conflicts by one day with the NHHC CinCPac vessel list (14 October 1945) - carried in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-01
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[2]Commander Transport Squadron TWELVE, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Serial 0171, 30 September 1945 (CONFIDENTIAL at issue): 'Action Report, Landings at NAGASAKI, 18-28 September 1945' - Commander NAGASAKI Group (Commodore H. B. Knowles, USN, C.T.G. 54.3 / ComTransRon 12, USS CAMBRIA flagship); scanned original via NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive [other_primary]
- Locator
- Action Report Part I (task organization, TG 54.3.232 LSM Unit TWO); Part II (loading tables, Unit Two); Part III chronology 24 Sep 1945 entries 1458/1700; statistical summary table (unloading percentages)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A contemporaneous U.S. Navy action report names this hull in the Nagasaki occupation landing force. Task organization lists 'LSM 465' under TG 54.3.23 LSM Flotilla 16 (Temp) (Comdr. McKee), LSM Unit TWO - LSMs 450 (F), 448, 465, 263, 462, 452, 122, 466, 103, 286 - a temporary operational flotilla distinct from her administrative LSM Flotilla Eleven assignment. Part II loading tables list LSM 465 among Unit Two ships that loaded 2nd Marine Division personnel, vehicles, and cargo at Saipan (cell figures not reliably legible in the scan). Part III chronology for 24 September 1945: '1458 LSM 465 enroute to Customs Wharf' and '1700 LSMs 498, 448, 451, 103, 450, 465, 78, 120, and 263 completely unloaded' - Nagasaki inner harbor. Statistical summary shows LSM 465 100% unloaded.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 18-28 September 1945
- Population
- LSM-465 crew; embarked 2nd Marine Division troops and cargo at Nagasaki
- Limitations
- Establishes operational presence and unloading at Nagasaki 24 September 1945 - a vessel-history fact; contains no asbestos, material, or repair content. Source is a scanned typewritten original (no text layer; content extracted by OCR at this session) - individual cargo/vehicle figures for LSM 465 were not reliably legible and are not asserted. Hosted by NavSource; the document itself is a primary Navy record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-02
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[3]Naval Historical Center (NHHC), 'Typhoons and Hurricanes: Pacific Typhoon at Okinawa, October 1945' (FAQ 102-6), including extract from Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas report on the Surrender and Occupation of Japan, Annex A - 'Typhoon Louise, The 9 October 1945 Storm at Okinawa' with tabulated vessel damage list (ARCHIVED COPY - live NHHC page returns 404) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NHHC FAQ 102-6 vessel-damage tabulation, LSM section: 'LSM 465 | Grounded - refloated 10/14/45'; narrative extract (CinCPac report Annex A)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Official Navy documentation names this hull in the Typhoon Louise vessel-damage tabulation: 'LSM 465 ... Grounded - refloated 10/14/45.' Context from the same CinCPac report: the storm passed over Okinawa 9 October 1945 with 80-knot winds and 30-35 ft seas in Buckner Bay (Nakagusuku Wan); 12 ships and craft sunk, 222 grounded, 32 severely damaged; 107 amphibious craft grounded or damaged overall, including two medium landing ships wrecked. LSM-465 was among the grounded-and-refloated amphibious craft, not among the vessels wrecked.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 9-14 October 1945
- Population
- LSM-465 crew during the storm; salvage/refloat crews
- Limitations
- Documents grounding and refloating only - no damage extent, repair record, or material content for this hull. Refloat date here (14 October 1945) conflicts by one day with NavSource/Turner (15 October 1945) - carried in gaps. Live NHHC page 404s (confirmed 2026-10-01); archived Wayback capture of 4 December 2000 used and labeled.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-03
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[4]Shipbuilding History (shipbuildinghistory.com), 'Landing Ships, Medium - LSM, LSM(R), LSV' construction table (Tim Colton compilation of official build/disposition records) [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com/smallships/lsm.htm, LSM construction table, row 'LSM 465'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Construction-table row for this hull: 'LSM 465 | Brown SB | Houston TX | 10-Mar-45 | Wrecked by typhoon in Buckner Bay 9-Oct-45, salvaged, sold to W. J. Mitchell 1947, converted to towboat George Birnie.' Independently corroborates the builder, delivery/commissioning date (10 March 1945), typhoon loss-and-salvage event at Buckner Bay on 9 October 1945, the 1947 sale to W.J. Mitchell, and the towboat conversion. Same table documents the class context: 558 LSMs built by seven shipyards, 1944-45.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-1948
- Population
- Brown Shipbuilding construction trades (1945); salvage crews (1945); Albina conversion workers (1948+)
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary compilation, not a primary registry - delivery date shown (10-Mar-45) is the commissioning date in NavSource. 'Wrecked by typhoon... salvaged' is consistent with NHHC 'grounded - refloated' and NavSource 'ran aground... re-floated'; wording differs but the event is the same. No asbestos or material content. Entry text ends with a trailing comma - the table's own record of the George Birnie's later fate is blank.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-04
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[5]Era inference built on: NavSource LSM-465 specification block (two Fairbanks Morse 38D8-1/8X10 diesels, direct drive - diesel plant, no steam plant); shipbuildinghistory.com class context (LSM-1 design, seven-yard mass-production program 1944-45); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era documentation (see ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource specifications block (propulsion); shipbuildinghistory.com LSM table header/class note; GAO HRD-80-2 product page
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A landing ship medium built January-March 1945 sits inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard applications aboard a diesel-powered amphibious ship of this type and period were thermal insulation on engine and exhaust uptakes, machinery lagging, gaskets, valve packing, and electrical insulation. As a diesel-powered ship she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-1948 (documented span)
- Population
- Brown Shipbuilding construction trades (1945); crew (1945-47); Mare Island decommissioning workers (1947); Albina conversion workers (1948); commercial towboat crews (1948-)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation schedule, material list, construction detail drawing, or work package located for LSM-465. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity. No manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-05
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[6]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (January-March 1945) and naval service era (1945-47), and its 1948 commercial conversion era.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved - gao.gov blocks automated fetch from this network (HTTP 403 on both product page and /assets/hrd-80-2.pdf, confirmed 2026-10-01); content via product-page description. Standing access defect also noted in BATCH-98.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-06
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[7]Batch-6278 search ledger (this record): NavSource live page; ComTransRon 12 Nagasaki action report (scanned primary, OCR); NHHC FAQ 102-6 typhoon page (Wayback); shipbuildinghistory.com LSM and Brown Shipbuilding tables; uboat.net; CourtListener (partial - paced); GAO product page; secondary web litigation sweep; NARA catalog (JS-rendered, unfetchable); NHHC DANFS probes [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming USS LSM-465 (or towboat George Birnie) was found in the public sources searched. CourtListener opinion and docket searches on 'LSM-465', 'LSM 465', and 'USS LSM-465' each returned zero hits (2026-10-01); 'George Birnie' opinion hits were non-qualifying name collisions (Oregon state cases, no vessel or asbestos context). Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case and - unlike comparable hulls - not even law-firm marketing pages asserting asbestos aboard this specific hull. No DANFS entry exists for LSM-465 (NHHC returns 404 for all probed LSM hull numbers; hazegray DANFS mirror lists no lsm465 entry).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 2026-10-01
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard. CourtListener coverage is near-complete: only the 'George Birnie' docket query was deferred by fleet pacing when run - logged in search_ledger, not a negative result for that variant. Deck logs, builder work packages, salvage/repair records for the 1945 grounding, and the 1948 Albina conversion records are undigitized leads.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-07
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[8]NARA photograph identifiers transcribed from NavSource photo captions: USN 1045566 (under way, date/location unknown); USN 1045565 (at anchor); 80-G-702126 (Operation Crossroads prospective target and support ships, Pearl Harbor, photo released 27 February 1946 - LSM-465 'identifiable on the right' alongside LSM-203); NH 83279 (LSM-465 moored to a buoy, San Francisco Bay, 1946, US Naval Historical Center collections) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/14/14465.htm photo table; linked photo 100307701.jpg caption (80-G-702126); NH 83279 caption
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA-held photographs document this hull's wartime silhouette, a San Francisco Bay mooring in 1946, and her presence at Pearl Harbor in a 27 February 1946 photograph captioned 'Operation Crossroads prospective target ships and support ships.' These are archival leads for photographic documentation of the hull - not work records. NOTE: the Crossroads caption groups target and support ships together and does not assign LSM-465 a role; she is not documented as a Crossroads target vessel (she decommissioned at Mare Island March 1947).
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-1946
- Population
- Crew at Pearl Harbor (Feb 1946) and San Francisco Bay (1946)
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: photographs establish location/appearance, not what work was performed. NARA catalog (catalog.archives.gov) is JS-rendered and could not be fetched this session; photo identifiers transcribed from NavSource captions - direct NARA verification open. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-08
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[9]Paul Fraser Collectibles auction coverage of the J. Ferris Brogan diary (Ridgewood, NJ serviceman) - 76-page handwritten diary kept aboard USS LSM-465, May 1945 (Pearl Harbor) through July 1946 (Guam) [other_primary]
- Locator
- paulfrasercollectibles.com blog post; same listing syndicated via PRLog/toymania (lot 1153)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- An auction-listing description documents a crewmember diary kept aboard this hull: J. Ferris Brogan's diary begins in Pearl Harbor 13 May 1945, describes stops including Okinawa, records the ship entering post-bombing Nagasaki on 24 September 1945 (independently corroborating the ComTransRon 12 action report's 24 September unloading entries), and ends at Guam in July 1946. This establishes a named crewmember aboard during the documented Nagasaki operation - a private-collection lead for researchers.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-01
- Study period
- 1945-1946
- Population
- J. Ferris Brogan (crewmember); LSM-465 crew (May 1945 - Jul 1946 diary window)
- Limitations
- Commercial auction-listing description of a private artifact - the diary is not institutionally held and its contents are unverifiable beyond the seller's description; cited as an archival lead only. Contains no asbestos or material content. Vessel-history fact; makes no exposure claim for Brogan or any individual.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-465-lsm465-09