Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]research packet 597-packet.md (2 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: USS LSM-95 (VERIFIED)
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lsm-95-lsm95-pkt-597-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online, Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LSM-95 page (history extract from LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces, Vol. II, Turner Publishing, 1997; photo captions; specifications; awards display) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource LSM-95 page: history text block, specifications block, commanding-officers table, merchant-service photo captions
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: LSM-1-class Landing Ship Medium; laid down 15 September 1944 at Brown Ship Building Co., Houston, TX; launched 7 October 1944; commissioned USS LSM-95, 28 October 1944, LT. Joseph E. Kennedy Jr., USNR, in command. WWII assignment: Asiatic-Pacific Theater, LSM Flotilla Eight (CDR. H. Doe USN), LSM Group Twenty-Four (LCDR. B. H. Lindman USNR), LSM Division Forty-Seven. Occupation service in the Far East 4 September - 13 November 1945. Decommissioned 12 March 1946 at San Diego, CA; struck from the Naval Register 12 March 1946. Sold 24 February 1948 to Ben Bendikson, San Diego, for conversion to a barge to haul wheat on the Columbia and Snake Rivers; renamed Racquette, Official Number 258894; reported in use as a tie-off (SPUD) barge by Tidewater Barge Line, Vancouver, WA, on the Columbia River. NavSource-captioned photography places this hull beached at Green Beach, Yokosuka, Japan, 20 October 1945; at Saipan, 15 November 1945; and moored in a nest at Apra Harbor, Guam, 28 November 1945 alongside USS LSM-273, USS LSM-175, and USS LSM-212; and documents ex-LSM-95 as barge Racquette being salvaged after holing in the mid-1970s and working as a SPUD barge at Vancouver, WA, March 2003, with side number '95' still visible.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (naval service); 1948-present (commercial barge service)
- Population
- Wartime crew (5 officers, 54 enlisted per NavSource specs) plus embarked troops (2 officers, 46 enlisted berthing); shipyard construction workers at Brown Shipbuilding, 1944
- Limitations
- NavSource is a secondary compilation citing Turner Publishing's LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces Vol. II; it does not document asbestos content. Internal one-day variance: history text gives commissioning 28 Oct 1944, the commanding-officer table gives Kennedy's start 29 Oct 1944. The struck-from-register date (12 Mar 1946) conflicts with uboat.net's 28 Mar 1946. Page last updated 9 August 2013 - the reported barge disposition predates 2013.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-01
-
[3]shipbuildinghistory.com (Tim Colton), Brown Shipbuilding yard list, Houston TX - yard hull #200: LSM 95 [other_primary]
- Locator
- Brown Shipbuilding yard table, hull #200 row; yard-history header paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Brown Shipbuilding yard list independently records yard hull #200 as LSM 95: keel laid 15-Sep-44, launched 7-Oct-44, delivered 28-Oct-44; disposition 'Sold to Ben Bendixson 1948, converted to hopper barge Racquette' - confirming NavSource's build dates and post-Navy barge conversion. The yard built 12 PCs, 32 LCI(L)s, 61 DEs, and 254 LSMs (359 vessels total) in four years.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944 (construction); 1948 (sale/conversion)
- Population
- Brown Shipbuilding construction workforce (peak >25,000)
- Limitations
- Independent secondary compilation (Colton yard lists are the standard reference for U.S. emergency shipbuilding) - does not document asbestos content. Spelling of buyer varies: 'Bendixson' here vs 'Bendikson' at NavSource. 'Delivered' 28-Oct-44 corresponds to commissioning date.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-02
-
[4]uboat.net Allied Warships of WWII, USS LSM 95 (LSM 95) entry [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net ship page 12706, facts table and history lines
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Cross-verification entry: LSM class medium landing ship, pennant LSM 95; built by Brown Shipbuilding Co., Houston, Texas; ordered 15 September 1943; laid down 15 September 1944; launched 7 October 1944; commissioned 28 October 1944; end service 12 March 1946; decommissioned 12 March 1946; stricken 28 March 1946; sold 24 February 1948.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1943-1948
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation - does not document asbestos content. Adds the only located order date (15 Sep 1943, unverified elsewhere). Stricken date 28 Mar 1946 conflicts with NavSource's 12 Mar 1946 - carried as a conflict in gaps, not resolved.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-03
-
[5]GAO HRD-80-2, 'Navy's efforts to protect workers from asbestos exposure' (published 1979-10-18, released 1979-10-22) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page Highlights section
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (1944) and naval service era (1944-46). GAO's fieldwork yards were Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards; the 1975/1979 removal-and-replacement policies postdate this hull's naval service entirely.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1979 (report); era described covers 1944 construction and service
- Population
- Navy ship crews and shipyard workers (program-level)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation, not a hull record - does not name this vessel or establish asbestos installation aboard it. Product-page description used; gao.gov PDF is accessible but full text was not exhaustively reviewed for LSM references. Establishes the era, not the ship.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-04
-
[6]Era/design inference keyed to this record: LSM-1-class diesel-propelled landing ship, built 1944 in a wartime emergency yard within the GAO-documented Navy asbestos era [other_primary]
- Locator
- Inference synthesized from ev-uss-lsm-95-04 (GAO era documentation) and ev-uss-lsm-95-01 (NavSource propulsion specifications)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A diesel-driven LSM-1-class landing ship built in 1944 sits inside the documented Navy asbestos-use era (ev-uss-lsm-95-04). With no steam plant, the asbestos-relevant systems aboard a vessel of this type and period were era-standard applications: diesel-exhaust lagging, machinery and piping insulation, gaskets, valve packing, electrical insulation, and interior deck covering/fireproofing.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (naval service)
- Population
- Wartime crew and embarked troops; Brown Shipbuilding construction trades (1944); post-1948 commercial barge crews
- Limitations
- INFERENCE ROW - no primary document names these products aboard this hull. Presence is era- and design-level inference only; quantity, specific products, and present-day condition are unestablished. The diesel propulsion plant means no boiler lagging; applications listed are typical of the type, not verified for hull 95.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-05
-
[7]U.S. Naval Institute, Naval History magazine (June 2025): 'The Brown Shipbuilding Company's Rise During World War II' [reputable_press]
- Locator
- USNI Naval History June 2025 article text
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Builder context: Brown Shipbuilding was established in 1941 by George and Herman Brown of the Brown & Root construction company on Greens Bayou off the Houston Ship Channel; vessels were launched from sideway slips on the narrow waterway; the yard employed more than 25,000 workers at its late-1942 peak; it built submarine chasers, destroyer escorts, and landing craft for the Navy; in 1949 the yard was leased to Todd Shipyards as a repair facility; Brown & Root resumed it in 1984 as an offshore fabrication yard; it was sold off in 2004 and is now the Brown Shipbuilding Industrial Park.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1941-2004 (yard history); 1944 (this hull's construction)
- Population
- Brown Shipbuilding workforce (>25,000 at peak)
- Limitations
- Yard-level context for this hull's builder - does not name LSM-95 and contains no asbestos information. Establishes the scale and setting of the construction workforce; asbestos exposure at the yard during construction is consistent with era practice but not documented by this source.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-06
-
[8]National Archives, 'Navy Deck Logs Available in the National Archives Catalog' index page [other_primary]
- Locator
- Index 'L' section; LSM-name entries
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- LSM-95 does not appear in NARA's digitized deck-log index (the index lists several later or renamed LSMs - LSM-268, -297, -397, -412, -419, -448, -455, -462, and renamed hulls - but not LSM-95). Her October 1944 - March 1946 deck logs presumably remain in the textual RG 24 holdings at Archives II, College Park, MD; reference contact per the index page is archives2reference@nara.gov.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-1946 (log coverage window)
- Limitations
- Absence from the digitized index does not prove the logs do not exist - it establishes only that they are not in the online catalog set indexed on this page. Deck logs are operational records; any asbestos-relevant content (e.g., material landed for repair) would be incidental, not systematic.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-07
-
[9]Batch-6389 search ledger (this record): NavSource LSM-95 page; uboat.net Allied Warships; shipbuildinghistory.com Brown yard list; NHHC DANFS canonical URL and hazegray mirror (both 404); NARA digitized deck-log index; GAO HRD-80-2; CourtListener API v4 exact-name and hull-number searches [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lsm-95-01 through sl-uss-lsm-95-11
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or docketed/opinion-indexed case naming USS LSM-95 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). CourtListener returned zero results for 'LSM-95' (opinions and dockets), 'LSM 95' (opinions and dockets), and 'USS LSM-95' (opinions); the 'USS LSM-95' docket query is covered by the zero-result 'LSM-95' docket query (superset match). No DANFS entry exists for this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 2026-10-02
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - the hull's survival in barge service means era materials, if installed, may have persisted until stripped during the 1948 barge conversion or later work. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-95-08