Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, USS LSM(R)-196 (10/06/06196) - construction, commissioning, flotilla assignment, Okinawa campaign, disposal, specifications; history extract credited to LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces, Vol. II (Turner Publishing, 1997) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/06/06196.htm - history extract, campaign table, personnel awards, spec block, commanding-officer table
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Documented for this hull: laid down 13 September 1944 at Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, SC; launched 12 October 1944; commissioned USS LSM(R)-196, 12 December 1944, LT. Dennis D. O'Callaghan USNR in command. Assigned Asiatic-Pacific Theater: LSM Flotilla Nine (CDR. D. L. Francis USN), LSM Group Twenty-Seven (LCDR. J. H. Fulweiler USNR), LSM Division Fifty-Four. Campaign: Okinawa Gunto operation, assault and occupation, 28 March - 18 June 1945. Decommissioned 26 March 1946 at Terminal Island Navy Yard, San Pedro, CA; struck from the Naval Register 17 April 1946; transferred to the Maritime Commission at San Pedro for disposal (PDX-225, 27 September 1946); sold 11 September 1947 to A.G. Schoonmaker Co., New York; final disposition unknown. Earned one battle star for WWII service; awards rack includes Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1), WWII Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal (Asia clasp). Personnel awards: 2 KIA incl. GM1 Joe Staum, 6 WIA, 1 April 1945. Commanding officers: LT O'Callaghan (Dec 1944-Sep 1945), LT Robert W. MacWilliams (Sep-Dec 1945), LTJG Jack P. Shedd (Dec 1945-26 Mar 1946). Spec block: 758 t light / 983 t attack / 1,175 t full; 203'6" oa; 34'6" beam; 13.2 kts; complement 5 officers + 76 enlisted; two GM 16-278A diesels direct drive, twin screws 2,800 shp.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Charleston Navy Yard construction trades (Sep-Dec 1944); crew (~81 officers and enlisted, Dec 1944-Mar 1946)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation whose history extract is credited to Turner Publishing's LSM-LSMR Amphibious Forces Vol. II - a veteran-history work, not a primary registry; dates track NVR/DANFS-era conventions. The page's printed specification block carries the 188-195 rocket fit (75 Mk36 + 30 Mk30 launchers), while its own Friedman-sourced photo caption correctly attributes 85 Mk 51 launchers to hulls 196-199 - the spec block is class-generic for this subgroup (see gaps). No asbestos or material content. CO initials here read 'Dennis D. O'Callaghan'; the NHHC 1 May 1945 fleet organization lists 'Lt. O. D. O'Callaghan' - same officer, differing initials (see gaps).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-01
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[2]NHHC Online Reading Room, 'United States Pacific Fleet Organization, 1 May 1945' (transcription of the wartime CinCPac fleet organization) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC page, LSM Division 54 table row
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- An official wartime fleet-organization document hosted by NHHC lists this hull by name and commander: under LSM Division 54, 'LSM 196 (R) | Lt. O. D. O'Callaghan (USNR)' - alongside sisters LSM 194 (R), 195 (R), 197 (R), 198 (R), 199 (R), with 189-193 listed in the adjacent division.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-05-01
- Population
- crew (as of 1 May 1945)
- Limitations
- Organizational listing only - confirms hull in service and commanding officer as of 1 May 1945; no operational narrative, no asbestos or material content. Officer's initials print as 'O. D. O'Callaghan' vs NavSource's 'Dennis D. O'Callaghan' (see gaps). Page blocks plain-curl fetch (404 to non-browser agents) but loads fully via browser-agent scrape - verified live 2026-09-30.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-02
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[3]C.T.G. 52.21 (Commander Dennis L. Francis, USN, Commander LSM Flotilla NINE, flagship USS LC(FF)-525), ACTION REPORT - IE SHIMA and Southeastern OKINAWA, 2 April through 20 April 1945, serial C010, 21 April 1945 (contemporaneous Navy action report; transcription hosted on NavSource, pages 0600001-0600005) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 0600001.htm (cover serial C010), 0600002.htm (3 April Bolo patrol; 13-16 April Ie Shima assignment), 0600003.htm (swimmer engagement; Picket Station 2)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- A contemporaneous flotilla action report names this hull in operations: 'On 3 April 1945 LSM(R) 196 was on patrol off Point Bolo, destroyed one enemy fighter plane (probable VAL) with 20 mm fire'; on anti-small-boat patrol between Ie Shima and Okinawa, LSM(R) 196 'killed six Japanese swimmers by gunfire in early morning hours before landings on Ie Shima'; 'LSM(R) 196 to Radar Picket Station 2'; and '13 April 1945, LSM(R)'s 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199 and LC(FF) 535 were assigned to night harassment patrols and destructive bombardment of Ie Shima from period beginning 13 April through 16 April 1945' using irregular rocket fire, 5-inch star shell, and 40 mm.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1945-04-02 to 1945-04-20
- Population
- crew (April 1945 combat operations)
- Limitations
- Ship-specific combat narrative from a primary action report, but read via NavSource's volunteer transcription, not the NARA original - transcription fidelity assumed, original is the archival lead (NARA WWII action-report series). Documents operations only - no asbestos, materiel, or crew-exposure content. Francis's report famously concluded LSM(R)s were unsuited to picket duty - class-level judgment, included here only as operational context.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-03
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[4]NARA-held imagery for this hull (identifiers transcribed in NavSource photo captions): NARA Identifier 78137 / Local Identifier 428-NPC-7538, film 'Invasion of Aka Jima - Rocket Fire, Landings' (frames show LSM(R)-196 firing rockets off Aka, Kerama Islands, 26 March 1945); US Navy Yard Charleston photo 3632-44 (acceptance trials, 15 Dec 1944); USN photos 313661, N-26605, BuAer 311757, USN 474951 (rocket firings off Tokishi Shima and Okinawa, March 1945); Los Angeles Herald Express photo (Groups 53/54 arriving Port of Los Angeles, 8 Oct 1945) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NARA ID 78137 / 428-NPC-7538; photo numbers US Navy Yard Charleston 3632-44, USN 313661, N-26605, BuAer 311757, USN 474951 (per NavSource captions)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA-held film and still photography place this hull at acceptance trials off Charleston (15-16 December 1944), firing rockets at Aka-Jima/Kerama Retto (26 March 1945) and Tokishi Shima (March 1945), and arriving home at the Port of Los Angeles (8 October 1945) - physical-presence documentation of the hull's Okinawa operations and postwar return.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-12-15 to 1945-10-08
- Population
- crew; construction-trial personnel (Dec 1944); Okinawa operating population (Mar-Apr 1945)
- Limitations
- Archival leads only: the NARA identifiers are transcribed from NavSource photo captions; catalog.archives.gov is JS-rendered and could not be independently fetched this session, so direct catalog verification remains open. Photographs establish presence and activity, not work records or material content. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-04
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[5]Era inference built on: NavSource specifications (diesel plant: 2x GM 16-278A, direct drive, no steam); build record at Charleston Navy Yard Sep-Dec 1944; shipyard-exposure-map documented asbestos product list for charleston-naval-shipyard; GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era documentation (ev-06) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource spec block; shipyards.json product list for charleston-naval-shipyard; GAO HRD-80-2 (ev-06)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A Navy-yard-built amphibious ship of 1944 construction sits inside the documented Navy asbestos era; era-standard applications aboard a diesel-driven landing ship of this type and period were thermal insulation on exhaust runs and machinery, diesel-exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve and pump packing, electrical insulation, and fireproofing in accommodation and magazine spaces - within the small, confined hull volume of a 203-foot amphib. As a direct-drive diesel ship she carried no steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1944-1947
- Population
- Charleston Navy Yard construction trades (1944); crew (~81); Terminal Island Navy Yard decommissioning trades (1946); unknown breaker's yard (post-1947)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation schedule, material list, work package, or survey located for LSM(R)-196. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials. No quantity, no manufacturer attribution for this hull.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-05
-
[6]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked, HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - spanning this hull's entire construction (Sep-Dec 1944) and service/disposal era (1944-47).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403, confirmed 2026-09-30) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-06
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[7]OSHA Inspection 100361849, U.S. Dept of the Navy - Commander, Charleston Naval Shipyard, Code 106 (complaint inspection opened 6 January 1988, Columbia Area Office) [other_primary]
- Locator
- OSHA inspection detail page, inspection 100361849, violation rows 01001/01002 citing standard 19101001
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- Government documentation that this hull's builder was an asbestos-regulated workplace: OSHA's 1988 complaint inspection of Charleston Naval Shipyard produced citations under the asbestos standard 29 CFR 1910.1001 - citation 01001 (subpart D07 I, issued 10 March 1988) remains current; a second asbestos citation (01002, subpart J02 I) was later deleted by amendment. The yard's shipyards.json entry further documents its asbestos product landscape (pipe insulation at 5-50% asbestos content, boiler coatings at 15%, spray-on insulation, gaskets, packing, fireproofing, electrical insulation).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1988-1990 (inspection record)
- Population
- Charleston Naval Shipyard workforce (1988 inspection period); construction-era trades by analogy (1944)
- Limitations
- Yard-level record, not a hull record: establishes that asbestos was handled and regulated at Charleston Naval Shipyard, not that specific materials went aboard LSM(R)-196. The inspection predates the yard's 1996 closure but postdates this hull's 1944 build by 44 years - era context for the builder, not ship-proven exposure. Page verified live via browser-agent fetch 2026-09-30 (plain curl returns 403).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-07
-
[8]Pace v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., 4th Cir. No. 14-2416 (decided 30 March 2016), affirming MDL-875 summary judgment; underlying E.D. Pa. opinions document asbestos-product work at Charleston Naval Shipyard [court_record]
- Locator
- 4th Cir. 14-2416 opinion (30 Mar 2016); E.D. Pa. MDL-875 Pace_Grinnell and Pace_Crane SJ opinions (as cataloged in shipyards.json for charleston-naval-shipyard)
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- The litigation record documents asbestos-product handling at this hull's builder: the E.D. Pa. MDL-875 Pace opinions (Grinnell and Crane) recite shipboard and shop work with asbestos-containing gaskets, packing, and thermal insulation at Charleston Naval Shipyard - including needle-gun removal of insulation from pumps in Shop 31 and Crane catalog products with asbestos packing referenced in Shop 38 assembly - in a documented window of roughly 1971 to the mid-1980s. The Fourth Circuit affirmed summary judgment for the defendants on insufficient proximity/frequency proof for that plaintiff.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 1971-1986 (documented work window); 2016 (appellate disposition)
- Population
- Charleston Naval Shipyard trades, Shops 31/38 (1970s-80s window); construction-era trades by analogy (1944)
- Limitations
- Litigation-stage discipline: the affirmed summary judgment is a merits-level negative for the Pace plaintiffs, not an exposure finding; the asbestos-work narrative is testimony recited in SJ opinions, and the documented window (~1971-mid-1980s) postdates this hull's 1944 construction by decades. Yard-level context only - does not name this hull, does not establish materials aboard it, and does not establish or defeat any claim. URL is the Justia republisher (authoritative copy of the appellate opinion); CourtListener ID not assigned this session (CL pacing spent - see search ledger).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-08
-
[9]Wikipedia, 'USS LSM(R)-196' article - infobox errors identified against primary-aligned sources [other_primary]
- Locator
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LSM(R)-196 infobox (Name field; Commissioned field) vs body text
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- CORRECTION: the Wikipedia article's infobox names this ship 'USS LSM(R)-190' (a template copy error - the article is about LSM(R)-196) and prints 'Commissioned 8 December 1944' while the article's own body text says 'commissioned on 12 December 1944.' NavSource/Turner gives 12 December 1944, matching the batch manifest's documented commissioning date; 12 December is carried.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Corrects circulating infobox errors, not a material claim. Wikipedia is used only as a secondary cross-check and is not a record source. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-09
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[10]Batch-5844 search ledger (this record): NavSource amphibious archive; NHHC online reading room (fleet organization); NavSource-hosted C.T.G. 52.21 action-report transcription; NHHC/DANFS index; NVR; NARA catalog (identifiers via NavSource captions); OSHA IMIS; CDC Stacks/NIOSH sweep; GAO product page; CourtListener (fleet-paced, blocked this session); secondary web litigation/asbestos sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-lsm-r-196-01 through -12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or verified litigation naming USS LSM(R)-196 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The asbestos-specific web sweep surfaced no hull-specific claims at all - not even law-firm marketing pages - consistent with a small, briefly-served WWII amphib. CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be queried this session (fleet-wide pacing budget spent; helper enforced stand-down) - logged as blocked, not as a negative result.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-30
- Study period
- 2026-09-30
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - and the litigation-repository search is a genuine open gap (paced, not run). RG 24 deck logs, Charleston Navy Yard work packages, and any MARCOM disposal-file material records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lsm-r-196-10