Evidence
12 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-12).
-
[1]research packet 667-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-lst-362-lst362-pkt-667-packet-md
-
[2]DANFS / NHHC, 'LST-362' ship-history page [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS LST-362 entry, full text (single paragraph)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry for LST-362: laid down 10 August 1942 at Quincy, Mass., by the Bethlehem Steel Co.; launched 10 October 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Francis E. M. Whiting; 'delivered to and commissioned by representatives of the United Kingdom on 23 November 1942'; torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine on 2 March 1944; struck from the Navy list 28 April 1945.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1942-1945
- Limitations
- Authoritative for identity, construction, transfer, loss date, and striking. The entry is four sentences: it does not name the submarine (U-744), the convoy, the position, or casualties - those rest on NavSource/uboat.net rows. Contains no asbestos information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-01
-
[3]NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive, HM LST-362 (10/16/160362) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 160362 - timeline text + specification block (page verified live on navsource.net, 2026-10-02)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource amphibious photo archive page for HM LST-362: 'USS LST-362 never saw active service with the US Navy'; transferred to the United Kingdom under the Lend-Lease Act 23 November 1942; commissioned into the Royal Navy as HM LST-362 on 16 November 1942; sailed from New York 27 January 1943 with the 1st Flotilla for the Mediterranean via Bermuda. Campaigns: Sicilian occupation 9-10 July 1943; Salerno landings September 1943; West Coast of Italy operations - Anzio-Nettuno advanced landing 22 January 1944. Torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-744 while returning from the Mediterranean to the UK in convoy MKS-40, Biscay Bay area, 2 March 1944; struck from the US Naval Register 28 April 1945. Specification block: 328 ft oa, 50 ft beam, 1,625 t light / 4,080 t full load, 11.6 kt trial; complement 13 officers / 104 enlisted, troops 16 officers / 147 enlisted; two General Motors 12-567A 900 hp diesels, Falk main reduction gear, two propellers 1,700 shp; UK armament fit - one 12-pounder AA mount, six 20 mm singles, four Fast Aerial Mine mounts.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1942-1945
- Population
- Royal Navy crew; embarked Army personnel
- Limitations
- NavSource is the canonical per-hull compiled reference (volunteer-maintained), not an official record; campaign list matches standard RN amphibious employment. Internal date tension: RN commissioning 16 Nov 1942 precedes the Lend-Lease transfer date of 23 Nov 1942 given by the same page - carried as a flagged conflict (see correction row). Contains no asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-02
-
[4]uboat.net - Allied Warships entry 'HMS LST 362' (ship/12270) and 'Ships hit by U-boats' attack entry (ships/3208) [other_primary]
- Locator
- uboat.net warship page https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/12270.html and attack narrative https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/3208.html
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- uboat.net warship and attack entries for HMS LST 362: at 0250 hrs on 2 March 1944, U-744 (Oblt. Heinz Blischke) fired a four-torpedo spread at a group of four LSTs - HMS LST-324, LST-362, LST-413, LST-427 - detached from combined convoy MKS-40/SL-149 on 1 March and escorted by the damaged destroyer HMS Rockwood. LST-362 (Lt R.W. Newton, RNR per the attack narrative; the warship page lists Lt.Cdr. Reginald Harry Andrew Clark, RD, RNR as CO from June 1943) took one torpedo starboard side amidships, broke in two; the fore part sank with no survivors, the stern stayed afloat about three and a half hours before capsizing. Position 48 deg 00'N, 17 deg 23'W (grid BE 5221), about 370 miles southwest of Cape Clear. 180 officers and men aboard (88 dead, 92 survivors); HMS LST-324 rescued 73 (one later died) and HMS Rockwood picked up 22 (two later died). Route Bizerte - Gibraltar - Plymouth - Southampton; cargo 11 Churchill tanks and 118 army personnel.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-03-02
- Population
- RN crew (~62 dead by complement arithmetic); 118 embarked Army personnel; rescuers aboard LST-324 and HMS Rockwood
- Limitations
- uboat.net is a specialist compiled database (built from U-boat KTBs and Allied records), not an official archive - the standard reference for U-boat actions but one step from primary. Internal inconsistency: CO given as Lt R.W. Newton RNR in the attack narrative vs Lt.Cdr. R.H.A. Clark RD RNR on the warship page - flagged, unresolved. '88 dead' mixes crew and embarked Army passengers; the naval-history.net casualty list corroborates the ship loss with named RN entries. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-03
-
[5]Naval-History.net, 'Casualty Lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies, World War 2 - 1st-31st March 1944' (Don Kindell research, Gordon Smith ed.) [other_primary]
- Locator
- March 1944 casualty page, 'LST.362, ship loss' entry block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The Naval-History.net compiled casualty lists of the Royal Navy and Dominion Navies (Don Kindell transcription of official RN casualty records) carry a 'LST.362, ship loss' block in the March 1944 list - corroborating RN deaths in the sinking independently of uboat.net.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-03
- Population
- Royal Navy ratings and officers killed aboard LST-362
- Limitations
- A researched transcription of official casualty lists, not the primary ledger itself; individual names not restated in this record. Confirms RN deaths and the loss event only; the 88-dead total (including Army passengers) is from uboat.net - Army passenger deaths do not appear in RN casualty lists. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-04
-
[6]shipbuildinghistory.com (T. Colton), 'Bethlehem Quincy, Fore River Shipbuilding' yard hull table [other_primary]
- Locator
- Bethlehem Quincy hull table, row for hull 1523 / LST 362
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Tim Colton's shipbuildinghistory.com yard table for Bethlehem Quincy (Fore River) lists yard hull 1523 as 'LST 362', US Navy landing ship, 2,366 light-displacement tons, 328 ft, delivered 23-Nov-42, disposition 'To Britain, sunk Bay of Biscay 1944' - independently corroborating the DANFS delivery date of 23 November 1942.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1942-1944
- Limitations
- Specialist compiled yard list (builder's-hull-number tabulation), not an official record - used for corroboration of construction identity and delivery date only. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-05
-
[7]Consolidated era inference built on the NavSource class specification block (diesel plant, no boilers) and standard WWII amphibious-ship construction practice [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 160362 specification block (propulsion section)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference for diesel-powered LST-1-class hulls of which LST-362 is a member: the plant was two GM 12-567A diesels with no boilers, so the boiler/turbine steam-lagging pathway is absent; asbestos-relevant applications for 1942-built amphibious hulls concentrate in diesel exhaust lagging and gaskets, engine-room thermal/acoustic insulation, valve packing, deck coverings/tile, bulkhead and accommodation insulation, and winch/windlass brake linings.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1942-1944
- Population
- Construction trades at Bethlehem Quincy (1942); Royal Navy crew (1942-1944)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no material schedule, survey, or ship-specific record names this hull. Establishes no quantities, no exposure for any individual, and no present-day condition (the hull is a 1944 war-loss wreck).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- DOI resolved via Firecrawl to onlinelibrary.wiley.com article page (Vol 11, Issue 3, pp. 359-373) - direct curl returns Wiley's HTTP 403 bot wall
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this hull was built at Bethlehem Quincy in 1942 - and that wartime shipyard demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of WWII shipbuilding asbestos use generally; does not name this vessel or class specifically, and does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979; publicly released Oct 22, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 Highlights (page verified via Firecrawl; curl direct returns HTTP 403)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program: standing policy (1975) removed asbestos insulation only when damaged or when required to accomplish repairs, modified 1979 to include selective replacement in high-maintenance areas - the governing framework for surviving WWII-built hulls.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1975-1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers (program context only)
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation only, and post-dates this hull: LST-362 sank in 1944, so no Navy asbestos-management policy ever applied to it. Fieldwork yards in the report were Long Beach and Norfolk - unrelated to this vessel. Included strictly as era/program context.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-08
-
[10]Cross-source date/name comparison: DANFS; NavSource 160362; uboat.net ship/12270 and ships/3208; shipbuildinghistory.com BethQuincy table [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource timeline lines; uboat.net command table vs attack narrative; DANFS sentence 1; BethQuincy row 1523
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source conflicts on transfer/commissioning dates and commanding officer: (a) DANFS and shipbuildinghistory.com give delivery/UK commissioning 23 November 1942; NavSource gives Lend-Lease transfer 23 November 1942 but RN commissioning 16 November 1942; uboat.net's warship page also lists commissioned 16 Nov 1942. Both dates carried; the likely reconciliation is an RN ship's-company commissioning preceding formal US delivery, but no source states that explicitly - flagged unresolved. (b) uboat.net internally lists two COs - Lt.Cdr. Reginald Harry Andrew Clark, RD, RNR (warship page command table, June 1943 - 2 Mar 1944) vs Lt R.W. Newton, RNR (attack narrative); flagged unresolved.
- Verification
- disputed
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1942-11; 1944-03
- Limitations
- Documents a genuine secondary-source inconsistency, not resolved by any located primary document. The record carries both dates and both CO names with attribution rather than silently choosing one. No asbestos information.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-09
-
[11]Batch-6901 search ledger (this record): DANFS; NavSource; uboat.net; naval-history.net casualty list; shipbuildinghistory.com; GAO HRD-80-2; CourtListener API v4; NVR scope check; secondary web sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger (all rows, sl-uss-lst-362-01 onward)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, material schedule, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, or litigation naming LST-362 was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). Structurally, no postwar survey or abatement record can exist - the hull was sunk in action in 1944 and was never modernized, mothballed, preserved, or scrapped. CourtListener authenticated API v4 searches returned zero results on all six query/type combinations ("LST-362", "LST 362", and "USS LST-362" on both the opinion and docket indexes, all 2026-10-02) - a verified negative, not a coverage gap.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 2026-10-02
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era-consistent construction makes asbestos-containing materials plausible, but nothing ship-specific documents them. The 1944 sinking forecloses the survey/abatement record class entirely. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-10
-
[12]NavSource-hosted eyewitness letter scan (C/MX 107794 Leading Writer Peter Smoothy RN, 9th LST Flotilla, collection; author Signalman Ray Blowen of LST-413) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 160362 image 1016036201.jpg - handwritten account 'TORPEDOING 362 (AS SEEN FROM 413) BAY BISCAY'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Archival leads held open: (a) NavSource hosts a scanned handwritten eyewitness account of the sinking by Signalman Ray Blowen (ex-Signal Branch) of HMS LST-413 - one of the three companion LSTs in the detached group - describing LST-362 'completely cut in two,' the bow section adrift separately, survivors pulled from the water, and landing survivors at Falmouth; (b) UK National Archives ADM war-damage/loss files and the ship's RN movement records are undigitized; (c) no US deck logs exist to locate - the hull was never in active USN service.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-02
- Study period
- 1944-03-02; account undated (postwar)
- Population
- Survivors of HMS LST-362; crew of HMS LST-413 (rescuing ship account)
- Limitations
- A veteran's handwritten memoir hosted on a public archive - a genuine primary artifact but an unvetted personal account; details (troop loading at Bizerte, convoy timing, break-in-two) are consistent with the uboat.net record. UK ADM 199/358 loss and damage reports for LST-362 are an unverified archival lead at The National Archives (Kew); not digitized this session.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-lst-362-11
