Evidence
10 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-10).
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[1]research packet 865-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-pc-1188-pc1188-pkt-865-packet-md
-
[2]NavSource Online: Submarine Chaser Photo Archive, PC-1188 page (construction, US service narrative, transfer, Israeli service, specifications; page verified live on navsource.net) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource PC-1188 page, header block, service narrative, specifications block, and DANFS-availability note
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Hull record for PC-1188: PC-461-class submarine chaser laid down 12 July 1943 by Gibbs Gas Engine Co., Jacksonville, FL; launched 31 January 1944; commissioned USS PC-1188 on 5 September 1944. Fitted out at the Charleston, South Carolina Navy Yard; trained at the Subchaser Training School, Miami, FL, and the Sonar Training School, Key West, FL; assigned to convoy-escort duty in the Eastern and Caribbean Sea Frontiers; then assigned to air/sea-rescue duty at Horta, Fayal, in the Azores. Struck from the Naval Register 26 February 1946; transferred to the War Shipping Administration in March 1948 and sold to Israel; arrived in Israel in 1953 and named INS Nogah (K 22); reclassified P-16 and later P-22 (NavSource dates 'P-16 in 1950', which predates the 1953 arrival - flagged in gaps); sunk as a target vessel for 'Gabriel' missile tests in the mid-1970s. Specifications: 280 t light / 450 t full load; 173'8" x 23' x 10'10"; 19 kt; complement 65; one 3"/50 DP, one 40mm, three 20mm, two depth-charge projectors and two tracks; two 1,480-bhp Hooven-Owen-Rentschler RB-99DA diesels (serial nos. 7353, 7354), Farrel-Birmingham single-reduction gear, two shafts. Page states explicitly: 'There is no DANFS history available for PC-1188.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1943-1970s
- Population
- Gibbs Gas Engine construction trades (1943-44); Charleston Navy Yard fitting-out trades (1944); US crew (1944-46); Israeli Navy crew (1953-late 1960s); Israeli target-disposal crews (mid-1970s)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer secondary compilation, not a primary registry; milestone dates generally track official records but the Israeli-era pennant/reclassification line contains an internally inconsistent date (P-16 'in 1950' before 1953 arrival). Documents service history and specifications - contains no asbestos or material content. No separate US decommissioning date is given (struck 26 Feb 1946).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-01
-
[3]DANFS, Bluffton I (PC-461) - class spec block and lead-ship record (live NHHC page verified 2026-10-03) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS Bluffton I (PC-461) entry, spec block and service narrative
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Authoritative class record: the DANFS entry for PC-461 (later Bluffton), the lead ship of the class, carries the class specification - 'dp. 280; l. 173'8"; b. 23'0"; dr. 10'10"; s. 20.2 k.; cpl. 65; a. 2 3", 2 20mm., 2 .50-cal. mg., 2 .30-cal. mg., 2 dcp., 2 dct.; cl. PC-461' - matching PC-1188's NavSource specifications (280 t, 173'8", 65 complement). DANFS documents the class type as steel-hulled submarine chasers built to a common design; numbered PCs that were never named (including PC-1188) have no individual DANFS entry.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1941-1946
- Population
- PC-461-class construction trades and crews (1941-46, class level)
- Limitations
- Class-level documentation: establishes design and complement for the type, not materials or any fact specific to PC-1188's construction. No asbestos content. PC-1188 has no DANFS entry (unnamed hull) - class specs attributed at class level only.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-02
-
[4]Machal.org.il (World Machal / American Veterans of Israel), David Hanovice memoir, 'The Yucatan later renamed the Noga' (AVI Newsletter, Spring 2001) - firsthand account covering both Israeli PC transfers, incl. PC-1188 as MV Snonit / INS Nogah (K-22) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Machal.org.il page, closing paragraphs of Hanovice memoir (Snonit/K-22 delivery and Haifa training passage)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Firsthand memoir by the engineer who assisted the conversion and delivery: David Hanovice was called upon by Ben Halpern (Government of Israel, Defense Division of Supplies, Marine Department, New York) 'from June 16th 1951 to August 30th 1954 to assist in the conversion and delivery of the PC 1188 MV "Snonit" (a sister ship to the Yucatan) to Haifa to become Israel Navy K-22 that became part of Shayetet 13 operation. After the delivery of the K-22 I remained in Haifa for almost a year to train navy crews in the operation and maintenance of the newly converted engine room of that ship, with twin marine-type main propulsion Daimler Benz 20 cylinder V type 4 cycle diesel engines, 2500 HP each.' Documents that this hull was re-engined during its Israeli conversion (original Hooven-Owen-Rentschler diesels replaced with twin Daimler-Benz 20-cylinder V-type diesels, ~2,500 hp each) - a machinery-disturbance work window aboard this specific hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1951-1954
- Population
- Conversion and delivery crew (1951-54); Israeli Navy engine-room trainees (post-delivery ~1953-54)
- Limitations
- A veteran's firsthand memoir published by a veterans' organization - a primary-account source for the conversion/delivery events and the re-engining, but single-sourced; Hanovice's 1951-54 window is his employment span, not the delivery date (arrival 1953 per NavSource/Navypedia). Contains no asbestos or material content; the re-engining is relevant only as a documented machinery-disturbance event, not an exposure record.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-03
-
[5]Navypedia, 'NOGAH submarine chasers (1944/1948-1953)' - Israeli Navy registry data for Nogah (ex-Yucatan, ex-PC-1265, K-26) and Nogah 2 (ex-PC-1188, K-22) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Navypedia Nogah class page, ships table and technical-data block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Israeli-fleet registry table confirms hull identity and dates: 'Nogah 2 (ex-PC1188), K22 - Gibbs Gas Engine, Jacksonville, USA; laid down 7/1943; launched 31.1.1944; completed 9/1944 // 1953 (Israeli commission); retired late 1960s.' Technical data for the class in Israeli service: 414 t standard / 463 t full load; 51.8 m wl / 52.9 m oa; 7.06 m beam; 2 diesels, 2,880 hp; 19 kt; endurance 3,000 nm at 12 kt; armament 1 x 76/50 Mk 21, 1 x 40/60 Mk 3, 3 x 20/70 Mk 10, 2 x 4 Mousetrap Mk 20 ASWRL, DCT/DCR; SO radar, QHA sonar; complement 65. Confirms there were TWO distinct Israeli 'Nogah' submarine chasers - ex-PC-1265 (K-26, retired 1952) and this hull, ex-PC-1188 (K-22).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1943-1970s
- Population
- Israeli Navy crew (1953-late 1960s)
- Limitations
- Specialist secondary registry, not an official Israeli Navy source; consistent with NavSource on all shared data points. 'Retired late 1960s' conflicts with NavSource's 'sunk as target mid-1970s' phrasing only if 'retired' and 'disposed' are conflated - the sequence (retired late 1960s, sunk as target mid-1970s) is internally consistent across sources. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-04
-
[6]Shipbuilding History (T. Colton), 'Gibbs Gas Engine, Aerojet-General, Jacksonville Shipyards' - Gibbs yard construction table, PC 1188 row [other_primary]
- Locator
- shipbuildinghistory.com Gibbs yard table, row 'PC 1188'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Builder-yard construction table corroborates the hull: 'PC 1188 - US Navy - Sub Chaser - 463d (design displacement) - 173 (ft) - 5-Sep-44 (completion) - To Israel 1948 as Nogah (K 26), sunk by own torpedo in the mid-70s.' Confirms builder (Gibbs yard, Jacksonville), type, dimensions, and the 5 September 1944 completion date matching NavSource's commissioning date.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1943-1970s
- Population
- Gibbs Gas Engine construction trades (1943-44)
- Limitations
- Secondary reference compilation; two of its details conflict with the other sources - it renders the Israeli pennant 'K 26' (K-26 was actually the FIRST Nogah, ex-PC-1265, per Navypedia/Wikipedia; this hull is consistently K-22 elsewhere) and 'sunk by own torpedo' (vs 'target for Gabriel missile tests' per NavSource, 'target ship for Gabriel SSMs' per naval-encyclopedia). 'To Israel 1948' reflects the March 1948 WSA transfer, not physical delivery (1953). Builder and US milestones carried; Israeli pennant and fate variants documented in gaps. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-05
-
[7]Pace v. Air & Liquid Systems Corp., No. 14-2416 (4th Cir., decided 2016-03-30, via Justia) + Atlas shipyard-exposure-map shipyards.json record 'charleston-naval-shipyard' (yard-level asbestos product list and litigation/OSHA records) [court_record]
- Locator
- shipyards.json record 'charleston-naval-shipyard' (evidence rows, products_documented incl. Pace-derived rows); Justia opinion No. 14-2416 (verified live 2026-10-03)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- This hull was fitted out at the Charleston Navy Yard (South Carolina) per NavSource - a yard with documented asbestos product use in the Atlas dataset: magnesia pipe insulation; pipe insulation of 5-50% asbestos content; boiler external coatings at 15% asbestos; asbestos gaskets in pumps and valves; packing materials for rotating equipment; thermal insulation for steam systems; fireproofing materials in living quarters; electrical insulation throughout vessels; documented shipboard gasket/packing and thermal-insulation work (Pace litigation record, Shops 31 and 38, needle-gun insulation removal; Grinnell valve packing).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1944 (fitting-out); 1970s-80s (litigation-era yard documentation)
- Population
- Charleston Navy Yard fitting-out trades (1944); yard-wide trades population documented in litigation (~1971-mid-1980s windows)
- Limitations
- Yard-level documentation, not a hull record: documents asbestos products and work practices at Charleston Naval Shipyard generally - PC-1188's fitting-out there places the hull inside that environment for a window, but no work package, task order, or material list for this hull was located. Pace is litigation about yard work practices, not about this vessel. Does not establish materials installed aboard this hull, individual exposure, or quantity.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-06
-
[8]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (published Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2, Highlights section (full report PDF available on page)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO program-level documentation (product-page highlights, verified live 2026-10-03): GAO reviewed 'the use of asbestos in Navy ships, the cost of removing asbestos from Navy ships, and compensation programs for asbestos-related disabilities'; the Navy's 1975 policy was to remove and replace with nonasbestos materials only insulation that was damaged or had to be removed for repairs, modified in 1979 to selectively replace asbestos insulation in high-maintenance areas. Confirms asbestos insulation was standard aboard Navy ships of this era and that removal policy only began in the mid-1970s - after this hull's entire US career (1944-46).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; Navy asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level context only: fieldwork was at Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards; does not name this hull or class and does not establish materials aboard it. Describes Navy-wide policy and shipboard asbestos use in general terms.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-07
-
[9]Era inference built on: NavSource specifications (twin Hooven-Owen-Rentschler RB-99DA diesels, 2 shafts); DANFS PC-461 class record (steel-hulled subchaser design, 1941-44 build era); Atlas shipyards.json Charleston Naval Shipyard documentation (fitting-out yard); GAO HRD-80-2 Navy asbestos-era context [other_primary]
- Locator
- ev-01 (NavSource specs/service), ev-02 (DANFS class), ev-03 (Machal memoir re-engining), ev-06 (Charleston yard record), ev-07 (GAO)
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- A steel-hulled diesel-powered patrol craft built 1943-44 sits squarely inside the Navy's documented asbestos-use era; era-standard applications aboard a combatant of this type and period were machinery and diesel-exhaust lagging, gaskets, valve packing, electrical insulation, and deck coverings in a confined hull volume. As a diesel craft she carried no boilers or steam plant - the boiler/turbine lagging pathway of steam vessels does not apply. Fitting-out at Charleston Navy Yard placed her inside a documented asbestos-use yard environment. The 1951-54 Israeli conversion re-engined the hull (Machal memoir) - a documented machinery-disturbance window in which era insulation around engines, exhausts, and mounts would have been disturbed.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 1943-1970s
- Population
- Gibbs Gas Engine trades (1943-44); Charleston NY fitting-out trades (1944); US crew (1944-46); conversion/delivery crew and Israeli Navy crew (1951-70s); target-disposal crews (mid-1970s)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no hull-specific insulation survey, material list, work package, or crew account located. Names era-standard applications, not confirmed installed materials; no quantity; product terms are normalized era terms with no manufacturer attribution for this hull. The Charleston yard record documents the yard environment, not tasks performed on this vessel.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-08
-
[10]Batch-7685 search ledger (this record): NavSource hull page; DANFS class record (Bluffton I/PC-461); Machal/AVI memoir; Navypedia Israeli registry; Shipbuilding History Gibbs table; shipyards.json Charleston NSY record + Pace (4th Cir. 2016); GAO HRD-80-2; NARA catalog name search; PCSA index; secondary web sweep; CourtListener (blocked - quota) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-01 through -13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, crew exposure account, or docketed case naming PC-1188 / INS Nogah (K-22) was found in the public sources searched. CAVEAT: CourtListener could not be queried this session - the authenticated helper returned a daily-quota stand-down ('server asked to wait 10464s, ~2.9h', fleet-shared key) on 2026-10-03; logged as blocked in the search_ledger, not as a negative result. Secondary web sweeps surfaced no qualifying case and no law-firm listicle claims for this hull; the only name-verified biographical hit was a veteran's obituary listing USS PC-1188 service (non-qualifying memorial content, not an exposure record).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-03
- Study period
- 2026-10-03
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1943-44 steel combatant of this class sits inside the documented asbestos-use era, and both her fitting-out yard and her Israeli re-engining window are documented disturbance environments. The litigation repository search is a genuine open gap (throttled, not run). Deck logs, builder material lists, WSA transfer/sale files, and Israeli disposal records are undigitized leads. Does not establish or defeat any claim of exposure or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pc-1188-pc1188-09