Evidence
13 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-13).
-
[1]research packet w-packet.md (1 sources cited) [nhhc_danfs]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-pickaway-apa222-pkt-w-packet-md
-
[2]DANFS, 'Pickaway' (APA-222), NHHC ship history (published 2015-08-20) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- NHHC DANFS Pickaway page; canonical URL https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pickaway.html returned 404 on 2026-09-25 - Wayback capture 2021-03-05 used (standing NHHC link-rot issue, cf. BATCH-01)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS entry for Pickaway (APA-222): laid down by Permanente Metals Corp., Richmond, Calif., as a victory cargo ship (MCV hull 570) 1 September 1944; launched 5 November 1944; sponsored by Mrs. William D. Schoning; converted into an APA; acquired by the Navy and commissioned 12 December 1944, Comdr. H. L. Bixby in command. Specs header: dp. 14,837; l. 455'; b. 62'; dr. 24'; s. 18 k.; cpl. 536; a. 1 5", 18 40mm.; cl. Haskell; T. VC2-S-AP5. Service narrative: Iwo Jima (embarked 24th Marine Regiment, 14-20 March 1945); Pacific passenger lifts through 1945; Japan/China 1947; Operation 'Sandstorm' atomic test early 1948; Korea from summer 1950 (Pusan shuttle, Inchon 15 September 1950, four deployments); regular WestPac deployments 1957-58 incl. Exercise Blue Star; FRAM at Willamette Iron and Steel Co., Richmond, Calif. after August 1963; Vietnam service incl. Da Nang landing of 2/9 Marines 7 July 1965 and 1966 operations (Jackstay, Osage, Deck House I/II, Nathan Hale, Hastings); 1968 San Diego operations. One battle star WWII, six battle stars Korea.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1968
- Limitations
- Official Navy history; establishes identity, construction, and service narrative. DANFS does not document decommissioning/striking dates (entry ends at 1968 operations and battle-star count). 'Sandstorm' is DANFS's spelling for the 1948 atomic test series (elsewhere rendered Sandstone). Contains no asbestos, insulation-material, or survey statement; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-01
-
[3]Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (January 1945), APA section (shipscribe.com scan, OCR) [other_primary]
- Locator
- SDB1945v3 APA machinery table, Haskell (APA-117) row; applied to type VC2-S-AP5
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Bureau of Ships, Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels, Vol. 3 (Jan 1945), APA section: the Haskell type (APA-117 row) carries a Westinghouse geared turbine of 8,500 shp and two Babcock & Wilcox boilers at 465 psi / 750 deg F - official machinery confirmation of the geared-steam plant type fitted in this hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1945
- Limitations
- Official BuShips data read from the class lead-ship row and applied to the type; OCR-degraded cells. Boiler maker conflicts with NavSource's ship-page spec (Combustion Engineering) - discrepancy logged in gaps. No asbestos content in the source.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-02
-
[4]U.S. Maritime Administration, ShipHistory database - PICKAWAY (LPA-222), Ship History Detail 3870 [marad_nrc]
- Locator
- ShipHistory Detail 3870, milestone table and status-card panel
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- MARAD ShipHistory database record for PICKAWAY (LPA-222): built 1944 by Permanente Metals Corporation; MARAD type VC2-S-AP5; gross tonnage 7,750; milestones record MARAD custody Entry/Acquisition 26 August 1970 ('CUST 1970 NDRF 1970'); fate 'Sold - Scrap'. Digitized status cards exist on the record (3870_7155AF.jpg, 3870_AB.jpg, 3870_AF.jpg, 5O6_01.png) but were not retrievable at fetch time.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1980
- Limitations
- Authoritative for government custody milestones; milestone table does not enumerate the 1980 sale/withdrawal dates (reported by NavSource). Contains no asbestos, materials, or condition-survey information; supports no asbestos claim.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-03
-
[5]NavSource Naval History, Amphibious Photo Archive, USS Pickaway (LPA-222) page (updated 2024-02-02) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource 10/03/03222: campaign tables, specifications block, CO list, final disposition paragraph
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource Amphibious Photo Archive page for USS Pickaway (LPA-222 ex APA-222): campaign tables (Iwo Jima assault/occupation 6-16 Mar 1945; four Korean War campaign periods; Vietnam Advisory/Defense/Counteroffensive campaigns through Oct 1967); redesignated LPA-222 1 January 1969; inactivated 30 January 1970; decommissioned 29 June 1970 at San Diego; returned to MARAD 26 August 1970 for layup at NDRF Suisun Bay; struck from the Naval Register 1 December 1976; sold for scrapping 15 February 1980, withdrawn 26 March 1980, delivered to A. L. Burbank & Co. under the MARAD trade-in/exchange program, resold via Carol Shipping and Trading Co. to Kang Hua Enterprise Co., Taiwan. Specs: one Westinghouse geared turbine, two Combustion Engineering header-type boilers (465 psi/750 deg F), 8,500 shp; complement 56 officers + 480 enlisted; troop berthing 86 + 1,475. Commanding-officer list shows final CO detached 25 June 1970.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1980
- Limitations
- Volunteer-maintained secondary compilation transcribing official records (DANFS link, campaign tables, MARAD status-card data); not itself a primary source. Build/decommission dates corroborated against DANFS and MARAD; the 1980 resale chain (Burbank - Carol Shipping - Kang Hua Taiwan) is NavSource-reported and not independently verified. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-04
-
[6]shipbuildinghistory.com, 'Kaiser Permanente No. 2, Richmond CA' yard construction table [other_primary]
- Locator
- kperm2.htm row 570 (Pickaway)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Shipbuildinghistory yard table for Kaiser Permanente No. 2 Yard, Richmond CA: yard hull 570 / MC hull 570 'Pickaway', type VC2-S-AP5, keel laid 1-Sep-44, launched 5-Nov-44, delivered 12-Dec-44 (65 days on ways, 37 days in water, 102 total days); disposition noted 'APA 222, later LPA 222, in NDRF'.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944
- Limitations
- Secondary compilation (Colton yard tables) corroborating official build dates; 'delivered 12-Dec-44' aligns with the Navy loan-charter/commissioning date. No asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-05
-
[7]Consolidated era inference - BuShips Ships' Data 1945 v3 type data + Haskell-class profile background (class-f/haskell-class.class.json) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Class/type technical data; this record's ship-specific history rows
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era/design inference: single-screw geared-steam VC2-S-AP5 hull (two superheated boilers, 465 psi/750 deg F; one Westinghouse turbine) built at peak wartime asbestos use - boiler/fireroom insulation, steam-line and turbine lagging, gaskets and packing, accommodation and troop-space insulation are the documented pathway classes for this plant type. The ship's 26-year service (1944-1970), 1963-64 FRAM availability, and 1970-80 NDRF layup are documented events; the asbestos scope of any of them is inference, not ship-proven.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1980
- Population
- Construction trades at Permanente Metals Yard No. 2 (Richmond, 1944); ship's crew and embarked troops (1944-1970); overhaul workers (Willamette Iron & Steel FRAM, 1963-64); MARAD reserve-fleet and disposal workers (1970-1980)
- Limitations
- Class/era inference only - no ship-level asbestos record located for this hull or for any Haskell-class member. Establishes no quantities, no remaining material, and no exposure for any individual.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-06
-
[8]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Abstract and article, AJIM 11(3):359-373
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Peer-reviewed historical study documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII, the era and emergency-program context under which this 1944 Victory-type hull was mass-produced, and that wartime demand drove unprecedented asbestos utilization aboard shipyard work.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1940s era documented; article 1987
- Population
- WWII shipyard workers and ship crews (class context)
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarly documentation of asbestos use in WWII shipbuilding generally; does not name this vessel and does not establish that asbestos was or remains aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, exposure, or causation.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-07
-
[9]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2 (full text blocked to automated fetch, HTTP 403; content via product-page description - standing limitation per BATCH-01)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented the Navy's asbestos-protection program: standing policy (1975) removed asbestos insulation only when damaged or required for repairs, modified 1979 to selective replacement in high-maintenance areas - meaning original-era insulation typically remained in place for decades unless a yard period disturbed it. Relevant to this hull's 1944-1970 active service window and 1963-64 FRAM availability as a disturbance-phase event, absent ship-level documentation.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation, not ship- or class-specific; does not establish that asbestos was aboard this hull or that the 1963-64 FRAM included abatement. Full-text pull remains an open lead.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-08
-
[10]GAO-05-264, Maritime Administration: Improved Program Management Needed to Address Timely Disposal of Obsolete Ships (2005) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO-05-264 highlights page / PDF
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that deteriorating and obsolete National Defense Reserve Fleet ships 'contain hazardous materials such as asbestos, lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and residual oils and fuels that are typically found on older ships' - program-level documentation covering the disposal-phase environment in which this hull spent 1970-1980 (NDRF Suisun Bay) before being sold for scrap.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2005 report; fleet conditions 1970s-2000s
- Population
- NDRF disposal and scrapping workers (program context)
- Limitations
- Program-level statement about NDRF vessels as a class of older ships; does not name Pickaway and does not establish asbestos aboard this hull. Report postdates (2005) the ship's 1980 disposal; it documents the fleet-wide hazmat condition generally, not this vessel's disposal file.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-09
-
[11]NavSource LPA-222 page (dates, CO list, specs) vs. class-profile row and BuShips SDB v3; MARAD ShipHistory 3870 custody dates [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource chronology and CO table; haskell-class.class.json member row; MARAD Detail 3870
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Source discrepancies resolved: (a) decommissioning - secondary sources variously give 30 January 1970 (inactivation) vs 29 June 1970; NavSource records inactivation 30 January 1970 and decommissioning 29 June 1970 at San Diego, consistent with its commanding-officer chronology (last CO detached 25 June 1970); the June date is adopted. (b) Striking - the Haskell class profile lists 'stricken 1.1970' for this hull, which conflates the January 1970 inactivation with striking; NavSource/Naval Register data record striking 1 December 1976, consistent with MARAD custody continuing from 1970. (c) Boiler maker - NavSource specs list two Combustion Engineering header-type boilers; BuShips class data list Babcock & Wilcox for the type - unresolved, both carried with attribution.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1969-1980
- Limitations
- Resolves publication-level discrepancies in secondary sources; the Naval Register striking date itself was not directly inspected (NVR current listings do not cover a 1976 strike). No asbestos content in any underlying source.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-10
-
[12]Batch-2296 search ledger (this record): CourtListener API v4 searches 'USS Pickaway', 'APA-222', 'Pickaway AND asbestos' (type=o) and 'Pickaway' (type=r); DANFS/MARAD/NavSource ship records [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-pickaway-apa222-01 through sl-uss-pickaway-apa222-10
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record or litigation located: CourtListener authenticated searches returned zero opinion hits for 'USS Pickaway' and 'APA-222'; the 'Pickaway AND asbestos' opinion sweep returned 7 hits that all classify as name collisions (Pickaway County / Pickaway Correctional Institution, Ohio litigation - e.g., Valentine v. PPG Industries (Ohio Ct. App. 2004), an Ohio-site products case naming no vessel); the 'Pickaway' docket sweep returned 1,116 hits dominated by Pickaway Correctional Institution habeas petitions - none naming the ship. No asbestos survey, abatement contract, or hazmat disclosure naming this hull was found in the sources searched (see search_ledger).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 2026-09-25
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1944 geared-steam hull is era-consistent with installed asbestos-containing materials, and opinion/docket coverage under-captures district-level asbestos filings that name hulls only in unindexed complaints. The namesake (Pickaway County, Ohio, incl. Pickaway Correctional Institution) produces a high collision rate that can also mask genuine hits. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-11
-
[13]NARA Guide to Federal Records: RG 24 (deck logs); MARAD ShipHistory status-card panel for Detail 3870 [other_primary]
- Locator
- RG 24 deck-log guidance; vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov status cards for Pickaway
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- Archival leads (not retrieved - no spend authorized): NARA RG 24 'Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships and Stations' holds deck logs for APA/LPA-222 (1944-1970, College Park); BuShips/USMC construction records for MCV hull 570 (contract files, RG 19/178); Navy overhaul work packages for the 1963-64 Willamette Iron and Steel FRAM availability; MARAD NDRF vessel file for Pickaway (Suisun Bay custody 1970-1980, incl. the status-card scans referenced on ShipHistory Detail 3870).
- Verification
- unverified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-09-25
- Study period
- 1944-1980 records
- Limitations
- Record-group mapping only - no box-level retrieval performed; existence of asbestos-specific documents for this hull is unknown until surveyed. Nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-pickaway-apa222-12