Evidence
8 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-8).
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[1]research packet ei-packet.md (3 sources cited) [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-sands-dd243-pkt-ei-packet-md
-
[2]DANFS, Sands I (Destroyer No. 243) incl. namesake entries for Rear Admiral Benjamin F. Sands (1811-1883) and Rear Admiral James H. Sands (1845-1911) (builder, dates, service narrative, striking; verbatim transcription verified against Wayback capture of the canonical NHHC page - live NHHC page serves 404) [nhhc_danfs]
- Locator
- DANFS entry 'Sands I (Destroyer No. 243)', specifications block + namesake paragraphs + service narrative; canonical NHHC URL https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/sands-dd-243-i.html (live 404; Wayback web.archive.org/web/20251209090900, 200)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- DANFS record for this hull: laid down 22 March 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, N.J.; launched 28 October 1919 (sponsored by Miss Jane McCue Sands); commissioned 10 November 1920, Ens. William D. Leahy in temporary command. Specs block: dp. 1,190; 314'5" x 31'8" x 10'; 35 kt; complement 101; armament 4x4", 1x3", 12x21" tt.; class Clemson. Service: European duty 1921-22 (Brest, Baltic, Constantinople/Black Sea dispatch service for American Relief Committee and protection of nationals during Greco-Turkish fighting); Philadelphia overhaul Aug-Nov 1922; Scouting Fleet, Fleet Problem I Panama Feb 1923; interwar Atlantic/Caribbean/Pacific schedule; decommissioned Philadelphia 13 February 1931 (berthed League Island); recommissioned 21 July 1932, based San Diego (Rotating Destroyer Squadron 20 reserve 1933-34); decommissioned San Diego 15 September 1938; recommissioned 26 September 1939 for Neutrality Patrol (Caribbean, eastern seaboard, then Pacific). WWII: coastal escort; Aleutian convoy escort/patrol summer 1942; sailed south 28 October 1942 and 'two days later ... redesignated APD-13' (i.e. 30 October 1942); arrived San Francisco 5 November for conversion to a high-speed transport; departed 21 December. Pacific: Espiritu Santo arrival 22 January 1943; Guadalcanal-Tulagi transport/escort; screening damaged Chicago (CA-29) 30 January 1943 - nine wounded by a 20mm shell explosion, over 300 survivors recovered after Chicago sank; Russells landings Feb 1943; 7th Amphibious Force from May 1943; Lae landing 4 September 1943 (9th Australian Division) and garrison bombardment; Finschhafen 22 September; Amalut Peninsula (112th Cavalry) 15 December - 12 of 15 landing boats sunk; Cape Gloucester 26 December; Saidor 2 January 1944; Los Negros/Admiralties 29 Feb-4 March (one killed, one seriously injured, no. 1 boat lost); Hollandia 22 April (TG 77.2); overhaul at Alameda May-July 1944; Anguar Red Beach landing 18 September (81st Div. recon co.) and Ulithi landing unopposed; Leyte assault 17-21 October - boats conducted shallow-water minesweeping under battery fire off Tacloban/Dulag; Lingayen Gulf 6-13 January 1945 (TG 77.2; bombarded Santiago Island, covered YMS sweeps and UDTs); Iwo Jima patrol 3-5 March; three reinforcement runs to Okinawa by mid-June. Departed for Philadelphia 29 August 1945; decommissioned 10 October 1945; struck from the Navy list 1 November; sold for scrapping to the Boston Metals Co., Baltimore, Md., the following spring. Nine battle stars for World War II service.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 1919-1945
- Population
- New York Shipbuilding construction trades 1919-20; interwar and wartime crew (design complement 101); yard workers at Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Alameda availabilities
- Limitations
- DANFS documents service history and specifications, not materials or asbestos content. Yard/availability events (Philadelphia fit-out 1920-21 and overhaul 1922; Philadelphia inactivation 1930-31; San Francisco APD conversion Nov-Dec 1942 - yard not identified; Alameda overhaul 1944; Philadelphia inactivation 1945) are documented events but carry no asbestos-specific detail. Mirror transcription cited because the live NHHC page returns 404; transcription verified verbatim against Wayback capture 20251209090900 of the canonical NHHC page.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-01
-
[3]NavSource Online, Destroyer Photo Index DD-243/APD-13 USS Sands (operational/building data block; DANFS namesake transcription; fitting-out photograph record) + NavSource APD-13 page (navsource.net/archives/10/04/04013.htm) [other_primary]
- Locator
- NavSource DD-243 photo index, 'Operational and Building Data' block + Wet Basin fitting-out photo caption; NavSource APD-13 page data block
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- NavSource data block for this hull: call sign NULQ; as-built 1,215 tons, 314'5" oa x 31'8" x 9'10" max; 4x4"/50, 1x3"/23AA, 12x21" tt.; machinery 26,500 shp geared turbines, 2 screws; 35 kt; crew 114. Building data agrees with DANFS on lay-down (22 March 1919), launch (28 October 1919), commissioning (10 November 1920), the 1931/1932 and 1938/1939 commission cycles, striking (1 November 1945), and sale (May 1946, dated 23 May, to Boston Metals, Baltimore - 'broken up for scrap'). A September 1920 photograph records eleven Clemson-class destroyers fitting out together in the Wet Basin at New York Shipbuilding, Camden (Childs, Reuben James, McFarland, Sturtevant, Williamson, Sands, Lawrence, Hopkins, Bainbridge, Goff, Barry).
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 1919-1946
- Population
- Wartime crew; scrapping-yard workers at Boston Metals 1946
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer-compiled photographic index citing official figures - secondary rather than primary. Conflicts with DANFS on two dates: APD-13 redesignation (NavSource pages read 5 November 1942 and 17 December 1942; DANFS narrative implies 30 October 1942) and final decommissioning (photo index reads 19 October 1945; DANFS reads 10 October). Crew figure 114 vs DANFS design complement 101. Conflicts carried in gaps.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-02
-
[4]NARA, National Archives Catalog: 'USS SANDS - War Diary, 10/1-31/43' (NAID 134340956) in series 'World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories' (RG 38, Office of Naval Records and Library); catalog search locates a monthly war-diary run for USS SANDS covering Oct 1942 - Oct 1945 plus 'USS SANDS - War History' (NAID 77687605), 'USS SANDS - Rep of ops in support of the amphibious assault on Lingayen Gulf ... 1/4-13/45' (NAID 139842318), and 'Relating to Ships - 243-Q' (NAID 134850375) [other_primary]
- Locator
- catalog.archives.gov search 'USS SANDS', items series 'World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories'; example NAID 134340956 (DPLA item ccd47d4545527e7e34c5b65d496819b3, contributing institution National Archives at College Park - Textual Reference)
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- A near-complete run of ship-specific WWII primary records for this hull exists and is digitized in the National Archives Catalog: monthly war diaries located for Oct, Nov, Dec 1942; Jan-Dec 1943; Jan-Dec 1944; and Jan-Oct 1945 (e.g., NAIDs 134000674, 134051995, 134340956, 78647490, 77544921, 83566304), plus a compiled war history and a Lingayen Gulf operations report. These records would resolve the unidentified San Francisco conversion yard (Nov-Dec 1942 diaries), machinery/alteration details, and any logged insulation work; none was consulted for asbestos content.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 1942-10 to 1945-10
- Population
- Wartime crew 1942-1945
- Limitations
- Archival lead only: holdings verified in the catalog (Oct 1943 diary surfaced with digital objects via DPLA); the diaries' contents were not reviewed for this record, so no asbestos claim attaches. Deck logs for the interwar and Aleutian periods (RG 24, Special List 44 holdings) are separately held at Archives II and are largely undigitized.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-03
-
[5]DANFS specifications block (Clemson class; steam plant, 35 kt) + Atlas shipyard dataset, New York Shipbuilding record (tier 1; documented asbestos products incl. Ehret 85% magnesia insulation, Transite panels, asbestos gaskets and packing; 16x mesothelioma SMR in yard electricians study, PMC6280925) + NARA RG19 General Information Books archival lead [other_primary]
- Locator
- DANFS specifications block; shipyards.json record 'new-york-shipbuilding' (yard_id verified against 37-entry dataset); NARA RG19 lead
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era inference: a Clemson-class flush-deck destroyer built 1919-20 at New York Shipbuilding with a four-boiler, 26,500-shp geared-turbine steam plant would have carried period-standard asbestos boiler and steam-line insulation, turbine lagging, valve and flange gaskets, machinery packing, and fireproofing. Builder New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, NJ, is a documented Atlas yard (evidence tier 1) with named-era asbestos products and cohort findings (shipyard electricians mesothelioma SMR ~16x; asbestosis in ship-repair workers) - a yard-level record attaching to the construction site, not to this hull. The 1942 high-speed-transport conversion at San Francisco and the 1922/1930-31/1945 Philadelphia yard periods are documented events in which insulation materials would have been installed, disturbed, or removed. NARA RG19 'General Information Books' per-vessel material specifications are an unretrieved archival lead for hull-level specs.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 1919-1945
- Population
- New York Shipbuilding construction trades 1919-20; crew 1920-45; conversion-yard workers at San Francisco Nov-Dec 1942; Philadelphia Navy Yard workers 1922, 1930-31, 1945; Alameda yard workers 1944
- Limitations
- Class/era and builder-yard inference only - NOT a hull-specific finding. No source names this hull for materials; asbestos presence aboard DD-243/APD-13 is era inference, not ship-proven. Yard asbestos records document the construction site, not this hull's materials. Does not quantify material aboard or establish what was installed, disturbed, or retained. NARA GIB retrieval not performed.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-04
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[6]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (Oct 18, 1979) [gao]
- Locator
- GAO product page HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO documented that the Navy used asbestos insulation extensively aboard ships and did not begin substituting alternative insulation materials until the early 1970s - placing DD-243's construction (1919-20) and entire commissioned service (1920-45, including the 1942 APD conversion) inside the documented asbestos-use era.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 1979
- Population
- Navy shipyard workers; asbestos program review
- Limitations
- Program-level documentation; supports era context only, not any fact specific to this hull. Full report text not retrieved (gao.gov blocks automated fetch, HTTP 403) - content via product-page description.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-05
-
[7]CourtListener API v4 sweep, authenticated via fleet helper cl-auth-search.py (opinion index type=o; RECAP docket index type=r incl. document full text) [court_record]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-sands-dd243-06 through sl-uss-sands-dd243-09
- Finding type
- litigation_documented
- Finding
- No qualifying litigation located for this hull. Exact-name searches 'USS Sands' and 'U.S.S. Sands' returned zero hits on the opinion index (type=o), and 'USS Sands' returned zero on the RECAP docket index (type=r). Hull-number searches returned only non-qualifying collisions: 'DD-243' type=o = 22 hits, all anonymized New York family-court captions (In re / Matter of proceedings) matching a docket/form token, none naval or asbestos; 'DD-243' type=r = 9 hits, all unrelated (civil rights, habeas, criminal - token appears in document/exhibit numbering, e.g., form references in Portier v. City of New York, Rush v. Curry, United States v. Basham); 'APD-13' type=o = 1 hit (Lovett, Tex. Sup. Ct. 2015 - criminal opinion, token unrelated to the vessel); 'APD-13' type=r = 44 hits, all unrelated civil/criminal dockets where 'APD-13' is a form, exhibit, or document number. A combined query ('USS Sands' OR 'U.S.S. Sands' OR 'DD-243' OR 'APD-13') AND asbestos returned zero opinion hits.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 2026-09-27
- Limitations
- A zero-result index sweep is not proof no case ever existed - RECAP coverage is incomplete, state-court and pre-RECAP asbestos dockets are underrepresented, and complaints naming hulls may sit in unscanned PDFs. 'Sands' is also a common surname (e.g., Fed. Public Defender Jon M. Sands appears in unrelated dockets), so bare-surname queries were not probative; all hits were reviewed for hull attribution and none names the vessel.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-06
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[8]Batch-3241 search ledger (this record): DANFS transcription (hazegray mirror + NHHC Wayback capture; live NHHC 404); NavSource (secondary); NARA Catalog WWII War Diaries holdings; shipyards.json; CourtListener API v4 (authenticated); VA BVA index via web index; law-firm/aggregator ship pages (excluded per sourcing rules) [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-sands-dd243-01 through sl-uss-sands-dd243-12
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No hull-specific asbestos survey, abatement record, materials inventory, hazmat disclosure, or qualifying litigation naming DD-243 or APD-13 located in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). The hull was sold for scrapping in 1946 - before modern asbestos documentation practice - and never became a museum, so the disclosure channels that produced ship-specific records for preserved hulls do not exist here. The VA Board of Veterans' Appeals index was checked via web-index queries and no decision naming USS Sands (DD-243/APD-13) was located.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-09-27
- Study period
- 2026-09-27
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - era-standard applications are documented at class/era level (ev-04, ev-05). The hull no longer exists, so present-day ACM status is moot; whether 1919-20 insulation survived into the service era, what the 1942 APD conversion removed or added, and what the 1946 scrapping disturbed, is undocumented.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-sands-dd243-07