Evidence
9 evidence entries recorded; each entry has a stable permalink (#ev-1 … #ev-9).
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[1]research packet 1040-packet.md [other_primary]
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- Identity packet verdict: VERIFIED
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Evidence ID
- uss-yms-227-yms227-pkt-1040-packet-md
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[2]NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive, YMS-227 page (11/19227) - milestone timeline, specification block, launch-photo captions (National Archives photos 19-N-45589/90/91/92/93) and NHHC-captioned service photos (NH 73656 Palermo 1943; NH 73657 Oran 1944; NH 73658 off Sicily 1943-1944) [other_primary]
- Locator
- Full page (timeline, specification block, photo caption table)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- YMS-227: laid down 4 April 1942 by Frank L. Sample, Jr., Boothbay Harbor, ME; launched 7 September 1942 (sponsor Barbara Louise Teel, per NARA photo captions); completed 20 March 1943; served with the U.S. Navy in the Mediterranean (photo captions place her at Palermo, Sicily in 1943, off Sicily 1943-1944, and at Oran, Algeria in 1944); transferred to France 20 March 1944 and named Zinnia (D 273); sold to France 21 March 1949; struck from the Navy Register 28 April 1949; reclassified D-356, D-12 and M-652; decommissioned 30 November 1961; fate unknown. Specs: 270 t., 136' x 24'6" x 8', 15 kts, complement 32, one 3"/50 + two 20mm + two depth-charge projectors; two GM 8-268A diesels (880 bhp each), Snow & Knobstedt single-reduction gear, two shafts. NavSource records 'There is no DANFS history available for YMS-227.'
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1942-1961
- Population
- Crew of ~32 (complement figure); shipyard workers at Frank L. Sample Jr. yard (construction)
- Limitations
- NavSource is a volunteer-compiled photographic archive, the de facto standard reference for small-craft timelines; the page cites NARA and NHHC photo numbers but this row does not independently verify each caption. Establishes identity and milestones only - contains no asbestos information and does not establish exposure, causation, or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-01
-
[3]Naval Marine Archive (The Canadian Collection), 'Frank L. Sample, Boothbay Harbor ME' yard history and build table [other_primary]
- Locator
- Yard history paragraph + hull build table, row 'YMS 227'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The builder's-yard record independently corroborates the hull: the Frank L. Sample yard at Boothbay Harbor, ME (established 1840 as McKown, later Townsend Marine Railway, Atlantic Coast Company 1917, acquired by Sample 1939, sold 2004) lists 'YMS 227 - US Navy - Minesweeper - delivered 20-Mar-43 - To France 1944 as Zinnia (D 273), later D 356, D 12, M 652, struck 1961.' Sample also built sisters YMS-104/105/106 and YMS-226 through YMS-234 plus ATR tugs for the wartime program.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1942-1943 (construction); 1944-1961 (disposition notes)
- Population
- Shipyard workers, Frank L. Sample Jr. yard, Boothbay Harbor ME
- Limitations
- Independent secondary archive compilation (Canadian charitable archive); consistent with NavSource on every shared fact but is itself a compiled table, not a primary contract record. Documents the builder and disposition only - no materials or asbestos content.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-02
-
[4]NARA, Special List #44 (List of Logbooks of U.S. Navy Ships, Stations, and Miscellaneous Units, 1801-1947), by-ship-number section, PDF page 116 [other_primary]
- Locator
- sl-44-ship-number.pdf p.116, row 'YMS-227 3/30/1943 3/20/1944'; digitized-log list at archives.gov/research/military/logbooks/navy-online
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- NARA's ship-number index records a deck-log run for YMS-227 covering 3/30/1943 through 3/20/1944 - effectively the hull's entire documented U.S. Navy career (completion 20 March 1943 plus ten days, through the 20 March 1944 transfer date). The companion NARA list of digitized deck logs contains no YMS-227 entry (only 19 later-surviving YMS hulls, mostly postwar AMS/MSCO logs, are digitized), so the 1943-44 logs are indexed but undigitized; retrieval is via Archives II textual reference.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1943-03-30 to 1944-03-20
- Population
- Officers and crew recorded in the logs (~32 complement)
- Limitations
- Verifies that logbooks exist and their date coverage - not their contents. Deck logs record positions, weather, personnel, and events; they are the realistic hull-level archival path but have not been pulled, and nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-03
-
[5]Service historique de la Defense (SHD), cote AA/375/I/5/176/2 - 'DRAGUEURS COTIERS (type americains YMS): GENET - PIMPRENELLE - PERCE-NEIGE - PRIMEVERE - PETUNIA - ZINNIA', technical-dossier group (dossiers techniques des batiments), 1954-1963, Châtellerault [other_primary]
- Locator
- SHD online inventory, ark/950630, within AA 5I 'Navires et systemes navals: dossiers techniques des batiments de la Marine et des avaries (1924-1977)'
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The official French military archive holds a naval-armament technical-dossier group for the American YMS-type coastal minesweepers that includes a dossier on ZINNIA (the ex-YMS-227), covering 1954-1963 - the years of the vessel's later French service. The dossiers are physical holdings at the SHD Châtellerault site, undigitized.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- archival_lead
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1954-1963
- Population
- French Navy crews, Zinnia/Lotus (1944-1961); French arsenal workers on refits
- Limitations
- Confirms an official French technical dossier exists for this hull's post-transfer service - a genuine archival path for French-era refit/materials detail - but its contents are not digitized and were not examined; nothing in this row is an asbestos finding.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-04
-
[6]Corn, Jacqueline Karnell, and Jennifer Starr, 'Historical perspective on asbestos: Policies and protective measures in World War II shipbuilding,' American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11(3):359-373 (1987); corroborating era documentation in GAO HRD-80-2 [other_primary]
- Locator
- AJIM 11(3):359-373; era corroboration in GAO HRD-80-2
- Finding type
- asbestos_application
- Finding
- Era-level inference only: peer-reviewed scholarship documents that asbestos was used extensively as a fireproofing and insulating material in U.S. shipbuilding during WWII - the era and program under which this wooden-hulled motor minesweeper was built (1942-43, Frank L. Sample yard). Period marine diesel installations and auxiliary machinery commonly used asbestos-containing gaskets, packing, and exhaust-system insulation; aboard a ~270-ton, 136-ft diesel minesweeper the plausible applications, if any, would be confined to such machinery fittings. There is no steam plant, so the boiler-room/steam-line insulation envelope typical of larger asbestos-era combatants does not apply to this hull.
- Verification
- inferred
- Role
- supporting
- Documentation level
- class_or_era
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1942-1943
- Population
- Construction trades (Sample yard, 1942-43); engine-room crew
- Limitations
- Program/era-level scholarship only - does not name this vessel or the YMS-1 class and does not establish that asbestos was or is aboard this hull, nor quantity, location, condition, individual exposure, or causation. No class- or design-specific material documentation for YMS minesweepers was located; the machinery-fitting applications named are general era practice, not documented aboard this class.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-05
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[7]GAO, Navy Efforts To Protect Workers From Asbestos Exposure, HRD-80-2 (published Oct 18, 1979; publicly released Oct 22, 1979) - product-page Highlights (Wayback capture 2025-02-10; live gao.gov returns HTTP 403 to automated fetches) [gao]
- Locator
- Product page Highlights + Full Report (26 pp.)
- Finding type
- gov_survey
- Finding
- GAO reviewed the Navy's efforts to protect workers from asbestos exposure at the Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards, including the use of asbestos in Navy ships, the cost of removing it, and compensation programs. The Navy's 1975 policy was to remove and replace asbestos insulation only when damaged or when removal was needed for repairs, modified in 1979 to selectively replace asbestos insulation in high-maintenance areas. Documents that asbestos insulation was endemic across the Navy's asbestos-era fleet - program-level context for this 1942-built hull.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- context
- Documentation level
- context_only
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1979 (report); reviews practice into the 1970s
- Population
- Naval shipyard workers (program context)
- Limitations
- Navy-program-level documentation; fieldwork was Long Beach and Norfolk Naval Shipyards - it names neither this hull, this class, nor small private yacht-yard construction. Establishes era context only, not asbestos aboard this vessel. Cited via Wayback capture because gao.gov blocks automated fetches (HTTP 403, confirmed this session).
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-06
-
[8]Designation cross-check: NavSource YMS-227 page (carries D-356, D-12, M-652; no Lotus rename) vs navypedia D201 table, 'D273 (ex-YMS227), 1944- D356, 1947- Zinnia, 1951- Lotus | M652 | stricken 11.1961' vs French philatelic sources (patrol conversion 1957, name Lotus, pennants M656/P656, condemned as Q310) [other_primary]
- Locator
- navypedia fr_mw_d201.htm row D273; NavSource 11/19227 designation lines; postenavalemilitaire.com t387 (forum - excluded as citation, conflict source only)
- Finding type
- vessel_history
- Finding
- The late French-service identity of this hull is conflicted across secondary sources. NavSource carries reclassifications D-356, D-12 and M-652 with no rename; navypedia lists the hull renamed Lotus in 1951 while retaining M652; French philatelic compilations describe a 1957 conversion to patrol vessel, rename Lotus, pennant P656 (with M656 also printed), and condemnation 30 November 1961 under Q310. The rename to Lotus is corroborated by two independent secondary compilations but appears in no authoritative source located, and the M652/M656/P656/Q310 pennant chain is unresolved. The 'Lotus' name is therefore carried in aliases as unverified, not asserted.
- Verification
- partial
- Role
- correction
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 1944-1961
- Limitations
- All sources for the Lotus rename and the P656/Q310 pennants are secondary compilations (navypedia, philately blog, naval forum) - none is an official French Navy list; SHD AA/375/I/5/176/2 (1954-1963) is the authoritative path to resolve them. NavSource's decommissioning date (30 November 1961) and the secondary 'condemned 30 November 1961' agree; 'stricken 11.1961' (navypedia) is consistent.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-07
-
[9]Batch-8870 search ledger (this record): NavSource 11/19227 + YMS index; NARA Special List 44 ship-number PDF + digitized-log list; SHD ark/950630; navalmarinearchive Sample yard table; navypedia D201; uboat.net ship/9652; GAO HRD-80-2 via Wayback; NHHC/DANFS sweep; marketing-source sweep [other_primary]
- Locator
- search_ledger rows sl-uss-yms-227-yms227-01 through sl-uss-yms-227-yms227-13
- Finding type
- historical_record
- Finding
- No qualifying ship-specific asbestos record located: no asbestos survey, abatement contract, hazmat disclosure, court finding, or docketed case naming USS YMS-227, Zinnia, or the French pennants was found in the public sources searched (see search_ledger). No DANFS history exists for this hull. A web sweep for 'YMS-227' with asbestos/mesothelioma terms returned no qualifying claims - only the standard authoritative records (NavSource, uboat.net, yard tables). CourtListener could not be searched this session - the fleet pacing budget was spent for the entire pass (5 attempts, exit 2); logged 'blocked' in the search ledger, which is a quota event and NOT a negative result.
- Verification
- verified
- Role
- negative_finding
- Documentation level
- ship_specific
- Accessed
- 2026-10-04
- Study period
- 2026-10-04
- Limitations
- Absence of a located public record does not prove absence of asbestos aboard - a 1942-built naval vessel is era-consistent with asbestos-containing machinery fittings even accounting for the lighter diesel insulation load. The hull's ultimate disposition is undocumented (fate unknown after 1961), so no surveyable structure is known to exist and no museum-era abatement record can be expected. Does not establish presence or absence; does not establish or defeat any exposure claim or legal eligibility.
- Atlas source
- true
- Evidence ID
- ev-uss-yms-227-yms227-08